Fig. 3. Charge–discharge voltage profiles (vs. time) of full cell and its individual electrode (cathode or anode) vs. RE (DHE, Ag/AgCl (+) or Ag/AgCl (−)) of a scaled vanadium redox flow battery (49 cm2 in active area): (a) for the initial 10 cycles, and (b) for the 2nd cycle, enlarged area highlighted in (a). Ag/AgCl (+) and Ag/AgCl (−) are the Ag/AgCl reference electrodes that are in the inlet of catholyte and anolyte respectively.
