Table 1.
Summary of the protective role of berberine in the gut.
| Agent | Dose/Route | Experimental model | Finding | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berberine hydrochloride | 100 mg/kg/oral | Rat | ↓ LPS-induced COX-2↓ LPS-induced PPARγ overexpression and phosphorylation ↓ LPS-induced p38/ATFs signal activation |
[33] |
| Berberine hydrochloride | 25, 50 mg/kg/oral | Rat | Improvement of LPS-downregulated IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression Ameliorating LPS-downregulated claudin-1 and occludin expression |
[115] |
| Berberine | 50 mg/kg/oral | Caco-2 cells | ↑ Claudin-1 and occludin expression in Caco-2 cells ↑ Intracellular zinc content in LPS-treated Caco-2 cells |
[132] |
| Berberine chloride | 5, 10, 20 μM | HepG2 cells | ↓ Toll-like receptor 4 overproduction gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance | [78] |
| Berberine hydrochloride | 75,150 and 250 μg/ml | IPEC-J2 cells | ↓ IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IκBa, p-p65, p-IκBa, p38, p-p38 and p-JNK | [47] |
| Berberine hydrochloride | 10, 20 μM | rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells | ↑Claudin-12, VE-cadherin, and beta-catenin ↑ TEER modulating Wnt/beta-catenin pathway |
[89] |
| Berberine | 10, 25, 50, 70, 100 µM | Rumen epithelial cells | ↓TLR4 and MyD88 expression JNK and p38MAPK phosphorylation ↓ NF-κB and MAPK-mediated inflammatory pathways activation |
[39] |
| Berberine | 1, 5, 10 μg/ml | Rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells | ↓ IL-8 level with 5 and 10 μg/ml concentration↓ IL-6 level with 1,5 and 10 μg/ml concentration | [46] |
| Neutral sulfate berberine | 50 mg/kg/oral | Male mice | ↓ Tissue damage of the lungs and small intestine↓plasma TNF-α level | [55] |
| Berberine | 100 µM | Rat Intestinal surface epithelial cells | ↓ TLR4 and myeloid differentiation primary response protein Myd88 (Myd88) | [43] |
| Berberine | 200 mg/kg/oral | Male mice | Downregulating of the NF-κB and MLCK pathway ↓ Intestinal epithelium TJ disruption |
[20] |
| Berberine | 100 mg/kg/oral | Male rat | Repairing the injured intestinal mucosa, alleviating endotoxemia and restoring intestinal permeability | [34] |
| Berberine-loaded chitosan/fucoidan-taurine nanoparticles | 30 μg/mL | Caco-2 cells/RAW264.7 cells | Avoiding redistribution of TJ protein and restoring barrier function↑TEER | [32] |
| Berberine | 30 and 120 mg/kg Intraperitoneal injection | Rat | ↓ Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1b in plasma ↓ TLR4 and NF-κB in ileum ↑ Activities of SOD and GSH-Px |
[135] |
| Berberine | 50 mg/kg/oral | Male BALB/c mice | Inhibiting the TLR4-NF-κB pathway ↓ LPS-induced intestinal injury |
[41] |