Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of elderly patients with AKD.
| Variables | Training cohort |
External validation cohort |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival (n = 1876) | Death (n = 790) | P-value | Survival (n = 363) | Death (n = 172) | P-value | |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age, years | 72.7 [66.6, 80.1] | 76.1 [68.7, 82.8] | <0.001 | 70.0 [64.0, 75.0] | 72.0 [66.0, 79.0] | 0.002 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.131 | 0.569 | ||||
| Male | 1087 (57.9) | 432 (54.7) | 200 (55.1) | 100 (58.1) | ||
| Female | 789 (42.1) | 358 (45.3) | 163 (44.9) | 72 (41.9) | ||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.015 | 0.006 | ||||
| White | 1275 (68.0) | 517 (65.4) | 264 (72.7) | 147 (85.5) | ||
| Black | 196 (10.4) | 69 (8.7) | 60 (16.5) | 11 (6.4) | ||
| Asian | 48 (2.6) | 14 (1.8) | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Other | 357 (19.0) | 190 (24.1) | 36 (9.9) | 13 (7.6) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 [24.8, 34.2] | 27.7 [23.8, 33.0] | <0.001 | 29.9 [25.8, 36.0] | 28.3 [24.6, 33.5] | 0.018 |
| Disease severity | ||||||
| Aki stage, n (%) | 0.583 | 0.141 | ||||
| I | 1452 (77.4) | 598 (75.7) | 301 (82.9) | 150 (87.2) | ||
| II | 389 (20.7) | 178 (22.5) | 58 (16.0) | 18 (10.5) | ||
| III | 35 (1.9) | 14 (1.8) | 4 (1.1) | 4 (2.3) | ||
| GCS | 10.0 [6.0, 13.0] | 7.0 [3.0, 11.0] | <0.001 | 8.0 [3.0, 13.0] | 8.0 [3.0, 13.0] | 0.75 |
| Delta GCS | 5.0 [2.0, 9.0] | 7.0 [4.0, 12.0] | <0.001 | 4.0 [0.0, 8.0] | 1.0 [–2.0, 5.0] | <0.001 |
| SOFA | 8.0 [5.0, 11.0] | 9.0 [7.0, 12.0] | <0.001 | 8.0 [5.0, 10.0] | 7.0 [5.0, 10.0] | 0.385 |
| Delta SOFA | –2.0 [–4.0, 0.0] | 0.0 [–3.0, 1.8] | <0.001 | –1.0 [–4.0, 1.0] | 1.0 [–1.2, 4.0] | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Sepsis | 1706 (90.9) | 756 (95.7) | <0.001 | 107 (29.5) | 71 (41.3) | 0.009 |
| Hypertension | 964 (51.4) | 372 (47.1) | 0.047 | 60 (16.5) | 33 (19.2) | 0.525 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 757 (40.4) | 291 (36.8) | 0.098 | 53 (14.6) | 35 (20.3) | 0.121 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 116 (6.2) | 37 (4.7) | 0.153 | 35 (9.6) | 9 (5.2) | 0.118 |
| CHF | 435 (23.2) | 201 (25.4) | 0.231 | 45 (12.4) | 30 (17.4) | 0.151 |
| CKD | 554 (29.5) | 273 (34.6) | 0.012 | 45 (12.4) | 26 (15.1) | 0.466 |
| Interventions, n (%) | ||||||
| MV | 1849 (98.6) | 780 (98.7) | 0.866 | 65 (17.9) | 44 (25.6) | 0.052 |
| RRT | 311 (16.6) | 228 (28.9) | <0.001 | 9 (2.5) | 2 (1.2) | 0.499 |
| Renal toxic drugs | 1811 (96.5) | 767 (97.1) | 0.541 | 54 (14.9) | 46 (26.7) | 0.002 |
| Vasopressor use | 1388 (74.0) | 683 (86.5) | <0.001 | 124 (34.2) | 56 (32.6) | 0.789 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 85.1 [77.0, 94.3] | 88.0 [78.4, 97.5] | <0.001 | 91.3 [80.4, 104.8] | 88.9 [77.6, 98.6] | 0.01 |
| Delta heart rate (bpm) | –15.7 [–23.0, −8.6] | –17.9 [–30.1, −8.4] | <0.001 | –21.8 [–34.3, −9.1] | –17.2 [–26.8, −6.4] | 0.002 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.1 [109.5, 129.4] | 112.7 [105.6, 123.2] | <0.001 | 116.0 (17.9) | 115.0 (15.1) | 0.499 |
| Delta SBP (mmHg) | –27.7 [–38.0, −19.3] | –33.1 [–46.6, −22.5] | <0.001 | –20.1 [–34.3, −3.2] | –28.6 [–43.0, −13.8] | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 59.2 [54.2, 65.1] | 57.0 [52.1, 62.4] | <0.001 | 62.7 [56.3, 69.8] | 60.3 [55.4, 66.3] | 0.003 |
| Delta DBP (mmHg) | –16.2 [–21.8, −11.3] | –18.5 [–24.9, −12.7] | <0.001 | –15.5 [–25.2, −8.8] | –17.3 [–27.3, −10.5] | 0.139 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 76.4 [71.6, 82.5] | 73.3 [69.4, 79.0] | <0.001 | 76.9 [68.7, 84.7] | 74.5 [67.7, 81.4] | 0.035 |
| Delta MAP (mmHg) | –20.0 [–26.5, −13.9] | –22.4 [–32.0, −16.2] | <0.001 | –16.2 [–25.4, −6.6] | –18.3 [–29.1, −9.4] | 0.023 |
| Temperature (°C) | 37.0 (0.5) | 36.9 (0.5) | <0.001 | 37.0 [36.7, 37.3] | 36.7 [36.4, 37.2] | 0.001 |
| Delta Temperature (°C) | –0.6 [–0.9, –0.3] | –0.6 [–1.0, –0.3] | 0.516 | –0.6 [–1.1, –0.2] | –0.4 [–1.0, 0.0] | 0.063 |
| Respiratory rate (bpm) | 20.3 (3.1) | 21.0 (3.4) | <0.001 | 19.8 [17.2, 23.3] | 20.0 [17.4, 24.0] | 0.359 |
| Delta Respiratory rate (bpm) | –7.1 [–9.7, –4.9] | –7.8 [–11.2, –5.3] | <0.001 | –6.7 [–10.9, –3.0] | –5.1 [–10.2, –1.6] | 0.038 |
| SpO2 (%) | 96.9 [95.9, 97.9] | 97.0 [95.8, 97.9] | 0.958 | 96.9 [95.2, 98.2] | 96.9 [95.2, 98.7] | 0.345 |
| Delta SpO2 (%) | –5.1 [–7.3, –3.2] | –6.3 [–12.7, –3.8] | <0.001 | –4.9 [–8.5, –2.0] | –7.0 [–14.9, –3.4] | <0.001 |
AKI: acute kidney injury; CHF: congestive heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; MAP: mean artery pressure; MV: mechanical ventilation; RRT: renal replacement therapy; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; SpO2: peripheral oxygen saturation.