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. 2022 Nov 9;12:19089. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23342-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temporal analysis of polymutants in spike protein: (A) a heatmap representation of dynamic expansions/subtractions of 65 polymutants, in which locally averaged mutation percentages of every polymutant over time are shown in a row and is correspondingly colored from gray to dark red (color legend on the left side). By similarities/dissimilarities of their temporal patterns, all polymutants are clustered to six clusters (Spk1, …, Spk6), and numbers of polymutants in each cluster are indicated in bracket. (B) Four polymutants with positive trajectories (in cluster Spk4, 5 and 6) are selected to illustrate their temporal patterns. Heatmaps and temporal plot are generated by heatmap package and plot function in statistical R software³.