Fig. 5. Phage selection of stapled peptide ligands against CoV-2 spike RBD. (a) Diversity plots of phage pools after selection against SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD. (b) The top 20 sequences in SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-R3 pools. (c) The top 20 position–amino acid patterns enriched in the selected sample. (d) WebLogo depicting enriched sequences determined from pattern enrichment analysis with log₂(ratio) values greater than 10. (e) Phage ELISA against immobilised CoV-2 spike RBD. Error bar represents SD (n = 3). (f) Sequences and helical wheel diagrams of CoV-2-p1, p2 and p5 peptides. The most enriched patterns are highlighted in red. (g) Pull-down assay for the inhibition of ACE2 and CoV-2 spike RBD interaction. IC₅₀ was calculated as 7.8 ± 8.2, 12.9 ± 4.9 and 3.8 ± 3.3 μM for CoV-2-p1, p2 and p5, respectively (n = 3).