TABLE 5.
Change in Clinical Outcomes Over Time Using Linear Mixed Models
| Clinical Outcomes | Cohort | No. Patients | Difference in Yearly Change (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ-9 | MPM | 31 | −5.08 (−9.15, −1.01) | 0.01 |
| MPP | 75 | −5.68 (−8.26, −3.11) | <0.01 | |
| WHT+MPP | 33 | −7.83 (−11.77, −3.90) | <0.01 | |
| NRS | MPM | 139 | −0.85 (−1.21, −0.50) | <0.01 |
| MPP | 135 | −0.24 (−0.58, 0.09) | 0.16 | |
| WHT+MPP | 79 | −0.40 (−0.93, 0.14) | 0.14 | |
| ODI Back | MPM | 36 | −11.68 (−19.69, −3.68) | <0.01 |
| MPP | 80 | 0.08 (−4.36, 4.53) | 0.97 | |
| WHT+MPP | 54 | −2.79 (−8.43, 2.85) | 0.33 | |
| ODI neck | MPM | 27 | −4.75 (−15.16, 5.65) | 0.37 |
| MPP | 58 | −0.36 (−5.62, 4.90) | 0.89 | |
| WHT+MPP | 35 | −0.15 (−7.19, 6.90) | 0.97 | |
| MME | MPM | 84 | −18.67 (−32.92, −4.42) | 0.01 |
| MPP | 74 | −10.99 (−26.17, 4.19) | 0.16 | |
| WHT+MPP | 39 | −21.55 (−42.46, −0.64) | 0.04 |
MME indicates morphine milligram equivalent; MPM, medical pain management; MPP, multidisciplinary pain program; NRS, numeric rating scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; WHT, wearable health technology.