Table 1. Demographic and baseline characteristics.
| Patient Characteristics | All (n = 60 patients) | COVID-19 Retinopathy (n = 12 patients) | No COVID-19 Retinopathy (n = 48 patients) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Median Years (Q1, Q3) | 59.5 (47, 69.5) | 51.5 (41, 56) | 62.5 (48.5, 72.5) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.95) | 0.01b |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 29 (48%) | 6 (50%) | 23 (48%) | 1.09 (0.31, 3.85) | 0.90 |
| Male | 31 (52%) | 6 (50%) | 25 (52%) | ||
| Race | |||||
| Black | 43 (72%) | 10 (83%) | 33 (69%) | 2.27 (0.44, 11.67) | 0.18 |
| White | 11 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (23%) | ||
| Asian | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Unknown | 5 (8%) | 2 (17%) | 3 (6%) | ||
| Hispanic Ethnicity | 4 (7%) | 1 (8%) | 3 (7%) | 1.30 (0.12, 13.78) | 1.00 |
| NIH COVID-19 severity | |||||
| Asymptomatic | 5 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (10%) | ||
| Mild | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Moderate | 7 (12%) | 1 (8%) | 6 (13%) | ||
| Severe | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4%) | ||
| Critical | 45 (75%) | 11 (92%) | 34 (71%) | 4.53 (0.53, 38.48)a | 0.19 |
| BMI, Median (Q1, Q3) | 32.9 (26.4, 36.5) | 34.3 (33.3, 42.8) | 30.9 (26.0, 36.5) | 1.42 (1.01, 2.00) | 0.04b |
| ICU admission | 21 (36%) | 6 (50%) | 15 (32%) | 2.13 (0.59, 7.73) | 0.32 |
| Days of COVID illness, Median (Q1, Q3) | 6.5 (3, 12.5) | 11.0 (4.5, 17.5) | 6 (2.5, 10.5) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.16 |
| Days of hospitalization, Median (Q1, Q3) | 0 (0, 3.5) | 3.5 (0, 9) | 0 (0, 1.5) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.12) | 0.16 |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Shortness of breath | 44 (73%) | 10 (83%) | 34 (71%) | 2.06 (0.40, 10.62) | 0.48 |
| Cough | 31 (52%) | 7 (58%) | 24 (50%) | 1.40 (0.39, 5.03) | 0.75 |
| Fatigue | 24 (40%) | 4 (33%) | 20 (43%) | 0.68 (0.18, 2.56) | 0.74 |
| Fever | 16 (27%) | 4 (33%) | 12 (25%) | 1.50 (0.38, 5.89) | 0.72 |
| Diarrhea | 16 (27%) | 5 (42%) | 11 (23%) | 2.40 (0.64, 9.09) | 0.27 |
| Baseline comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 40 (67%) | 9 (75%) | 31 (65%) | 1.65 (0.39, 6.90) | 0.74 |
| Diabetes | 24 (40%) | 7 (58%) | 17 (35%) | 2.56 (0.70, 9.28) | 0.19 |
| Asthma | 6 (10%) | 2 (17%) | 4 (9%) | 2.15 (0.34, 13.42) | 0.59 |
| COPD | 7 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (15%) | 1.68 (0.28, 9.95) | 0.33 |
| Obesity (BMI = >30) | 34 (57%) | 10 (83%) | 24 (52%) | 9.2 (1.1, 77.6) | 0.04 |
| Other immunosuppression | 11 (18%) | 1 (8%) | 10 (21%) | 0.35 (0.04, 3.00) | 0.43 |
aCritical vs. non-critical
bStatistically significant, p<0.05