Table 3. Effects of pre-, pro- or synbiotic interventions on microbiota composition.
| First author | Intervention | # Participants1 | Analysis techniques | Time points | Outcomes: microbiota composition | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-/pro-/synbiotic | Start | Duration | I | C | T | Diversity + Compositional differences | Phylum level | Family level | Genus level | Species level | Other | |||
| 0–1 Week | ||||||||||||||
| Cooper [27] | Synbiotic: BMOs (containing GOS and MOS such as 3’- and 6’ sialyllactose) + B. lactis CNCM-I-3446 | Birth (≤3 D) | 6 M | 92 | 101 | 193 | PCR, FISH | 3 D | n.s. | |||||
| Chua [24] | Prebiotic (scGOS/lcFOS) | 1–3 D | 16 W | 39 | 45 | 84 | 16S rRNA sequencing + FISH + qPCR | 3/5 D | % Bifidobacteria: ↑ | |||||
| Synbiotic (scGOS/ICFOS and B. breve M-16V) | 1–3 D | 16 W | 45 | 45 | 90 | 3/5 D | % Enterobacteriaceae: ↓ | Estimated mean of total Bifidobacterium gene count: ↑ % Bifidobacteria: ↑ Bifidobacteria count: ↑ |
B. breve M-16V [intervention] detected in infant: ↑ | Acetate: ↑ pH: ↓ |
||||
| Lay [23] | Prebiotic (scGOS/lcFOS) | 1–3 D | 16 W | 39 | 44 | 83 | Shotgun 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3-V6 region, shotgun metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics |
3/5 D | n.s. | |||||
| Synbiotic (scGOS/ICFOS and B. breve M-16V) | 1–3 D | 16 W | 44 | 44 | 88 | 3 D | Compositional difference | Relative abundance of strict anaerobes**: ↑ Relative abundance of facultative anaerobes/aerobes***: ↓ Bifidobacteriaceae: ↑ |
Bifidobacterium: ↑ |
Abundance of B. breve [intervention]: ↑ |
||||
| 5 D | Compositional difference | Relative abundance of strict anaerobes**: ↑ Relative abundance of facultative anaerobes/aerobes***: ↓ Bifidobacteriaceae: ↑ |
Bifidobacterium: ↑ Haemophilus: ↓ |
Abundance of B. breve [intervention]: ↑ |
||||||||||
| Yang [28] | High dose of synbiotic: B. lactis Bi-07 and L. rhamnosus HN001 + GOS | Birth | 28 D | 7 | 9 | 16 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region + PCR | 3 D | Relative abundance of Bifidobacterium: ↑ Relative abundance of Lactobacillus: ↑ |
|||||
| 6 | 8 | 14 | 7 D | Relative abundance of Lactobacillus: ↑ | ||||||||||
| Low dose of synbiotic: B. lactis Bi-07 and L. rhamnosus HN001 + GOS | 7 | 9 | 16 | 3 D | Relative abundance of Bifidobacterium: ↑ Relative abundance of Lactobacillus: ↑ |
|||||||||
| 5 | 8 | 13 | 7 D | Relative abundance of Lactobacillus: ↑ | ||||||||||
| Hurkala [33] | Probiotic: B. breve PB04 and L. rhamnosus KL53A | <1 H | 5 or 6 D | 71 | 77 | 148 | PCR | 5/6 D | Abundance of Lactobacilli: ↑ Abundance of Bifidobacterium: ↑ |
L. rhamnosus [intervention]: ↑ B. breve [intervention]: ↑ |
||||
| Zhong [35] | Probiotic: B. longum, L. acidophilus and E. faecalis during AB treatment | <3 D | 42 D | 25 | 17 | 42 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region + PCR | 1 W | Relative abundance Actinobacteria: ↑ Relative Abundance Proteobacteria: ↑ |
Relative abundance of Bifidobacterium: ↑ | ||||
| Probiotic: B. longum, L. acidophilus and E. faecalis after AB treatment | 7 D | 42 D | 13 | 17 | 30 | 1 W |
n.s. |
|||||||
| 1–4 Weeks | ||||||||||||||
| Cooper [27] | Synbiotic: BMOs (containing GOS and MOS such as 3’- and 6’ sialyllactose) + B. lactis CNCM-I-3446 | Birth (≤3 D) | 6 M | 92 | 101 | 193 | PCR, FISH | 10 D | Faecal Bifidobacterium counts: ↑ Faecal detection rate of Bifidobacteria: ↑ Faecal detection rate of Bacteroides: ↑ |
Faecal detection of B. lactis CNCM I-3446 [intervention]: ↑ | Mean faecal pH: ↓ | |||
| 1 M | Faecal Bifidobacterium counts: ↑ Faecal detection rate of Bifidobacteria: ↑ Faecal detection rate of Lactobacillus: ↑ |
Faecal detection of B. lactis CNCM I-3446 [intervention]: ↑ | Mean faecal pH: ↓ | |||||||||||
| Chua [24] | Prebiotic (scGOS/lcFOS) | 1–3 D | 16 W | 39 | 45 | 84 | 16S rRNA sequencing + FISH + qPCR | 2 W | % Enterobacteriaceae: ↑ | |||||
| 4 W | pH: ↓ | |||||||||||||
| Synbiotic (scGOS/ICFOS and B. breve M-16V) | 45 | 45 | 90 | 2 W | % Enterobacteriaceae: ↓ | Estimated mean of total Bifidobacterium gene count: ↑ % Bifidobacteria: ↑ Bifidobacteria count: ↑ |
B. breve M-16V [intervention] detected in infant: ↑ | pH: ↓ | ||||||
| 4 W | % Enterobacteriaceae: ↓ | Estimated mean of total Bifidobacterium gene count: ↑ % Bifidobacteria: ↑ Bifidobacteria count: ↑ |
B. breve M-16V [intervention] detected in infant: ↑ | pH: ↓ | ||||||||||
| Lay [23] | Prebiotic (scGOS/lcFOS) | 1–3 D | 16 W | 39 | 44 | 83 | Shotgun 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3-V6 region, shotgun metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics |
2 + 4 W | n.s. | |||||
| Synbiotic (scGOS/ICFOS and B. breve M-16V) | 44 | 44 | 88 | 2 W | Compositional difference | Relative abundance of strict anaerobes**: ↑ Relative abundance of facultative anaerobes/aerobes***: ↓ Bifidobacteriaceae: ↑ |
Bifidobacterium: ↑ | Abundance of B. breve [intervention]: ↑ | ||||||
| 4 W | Clostridiaceae: ↓ | Abundance of B. breve [intervention]: ↑ | ||||||||||||
| Garcia Rodenas [32] | Probiotic: L. reuteri DSM 17938 | <72 H | 6 M | 11 | 10 | 21 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V1- V3 regions + PCR | 2 W | Compositional difference | Relative abundance of Actinobacteria: ↑ Relative abundance of Firmicutes: ↑ |
Relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae: ↓ Relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae: ↑ Relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae: ↑ |
Detectable Bifidobacterium: ↑ Relative abundance of Lactobacillus: ↑ |
Abundance of L. reuteri [intervention]: ↑ | |
|
Zhong [35] |
Probiotic: B. longum, L. acidophilus and E. faecalis during AB treatment | <3 D | 42 D | 25 | 17 | 42 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region + PCR | 2 W | n.s. | |||||
| Probiotic: B. longum, L. acidophilus and E. faecalis after AB treatment | 7 D | 42 D | 13 | 17 | 30 | 2 W | Relative abundance of Actinobacteria: ↑ | |||||||
| Hurkala [33] | Probiotic: B. breve PB04 and L. rhamnosus KL53A | <1 H | 5 or 6 D | 58 | 48 | 106 | PCR | 1 M | Abundance of Lactobacilli: ↑ | |||||
| Yang [28] | High dose of synbiotic: B. lactis Bi-07 and L. rhamnosus HN001 + GOS | Birth | 28 D | 6 | 5 | 11 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region + PCR | 1 M | n.s. | |||||
| Low dose of synbiotic: B. lactis Bi-07 and L. rhamnosus HN001 + GOS | 7 | 5 | 12 | n.s. | ||||||||||
| >4 weeks | ||||||||||||||
| Zhong [35] | Probiotic: B. longum, L. acidophilus and E. faecalis during AB treatment | <3 D | 42 D | 25 | 17 | 42 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region + PCR | 42 D | Relative abundance of Actinobacteria: ↑ Relative abundance of Proteobacteria: ↑ |
Relative abundance of Bifidobacterium: ↑ | ||||
| Probiotic: B. longum, L. acidophilus and E. faecalis after AB treatment | 7 D | 42 D | 13 | 17 | 30 | 42 D | n.s. | |||||||
| Chua [24] | Prebiotic (scGOS/lcFOS) | 1–3 D | 16 W | 39 | 45 | 84 | 16S rRNA sequencing + FISH + qPCR | 12 W | n.s. | |||||
| 16 W | % Enterobacteriaceae: ↑ | |||||||||||||
| Synbiotic (scGOS/ICFOS and B. breve M-16V) | 45 | 45 | 90 | 12 W | % Enterobacteriaceae: ↓ | Bifidobacteria count: ↑ | B. breve M-16V detected in infant: ↑ | |||||||
| 16 W | B. breve M-16V detected in infant: ↑ | |||||||||||||
| Lay [23] | Prebiotic (scGOS/lcFOS) | 1–3 D | 16 W | 39 44 |
44 44 |
83 88 |
Shotgun 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3-V6 region, shotgun metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics |
8 W | Staphylococcaceae: ↓ | |||||
| 12, 16, 22 W | n.s. | |||||||||||||
| Synbiotic (scGOS/ICFOS and B. breve M-16V) | 10 | 10 | 20 | 8 W | Shannon diversity: ↑ | B. longum: ↓ | ||||||||
| 12, 16 W | n.s. | |||||||||||||
| 22 W | V. dispar: ↑ | |||||||||||||
| Estorninos [26] | Prebiotic: bovine MOS (GOS and sialylated-oligosaccharides) | 3 W | 6 M | 75 | 75 | 150 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region | 2.5 M | Compositional difference | |||||
| 114 | 112 | 226 | 4 M | Compositional difference | Abundance of Bifidobacterium: ↑ | |||||||||
| Berger [25] | Prebiotics: 2 HMOs (2’-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose) | 0–14 D | 6 M | 19 | 24 | 43 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region | 3 M | n.s. | |||||
| Korpela [29] | Probiotic: L. rhamnosus LC705, B. breve Bb99, P. freudenreichii spp., shermanii JS and GOS | 36 W gest. + from birth | 6 M | 35 | 44 | 79 | 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 region | 3 M |
Bifidobacteriaceae: ↑ Coriobacteriaceae: ↑ Porphyromonadaceae: ↑ Bacteroidaceae: ↑ |
|||||
| Cooper [27] | Synbiotic: BMOs (containing GOS and MOS such as 3’- and 6’ sialyllactose) + B. lactis CNCM-I-3446 | Birth (≤3 D) | 6 M | 92 | 101 | 193 | PCR, FISH | 3 M | Faecal Bifidobacteria counts: ↑ Faecal detection rate of Clostridium/Eubacterieum: ↓ |
Faecal detection of B. lactis CNCM I-3446 [intervention]: ↑ |
Mean faecal pH: ↓ | |||
| Roggero [34] | Probiotic: L. paracasei CBA L74 | <7 D | 3 M | 16 | 16 | 32 | 16s RNA gene sequencing of the V3 region | 3 M | sIgA production: ↑ | |||||
| Baglatzi [30] | Probiotic: regular dose of B. lactis | Birth | 6 M | 84 | 80 | 164 | PCR | 4 M | Positive detection of B. lactis [intervention]: ↑ | |||||
| Garcia Rodenas [32] | Probiotic: L. reuteri DSM 17938 | <72 H | 6 M | 11 | 10 | 21 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V1- V3 regions + PCR | 4 M | Abundance of L. reuteri [intervention]: ↑ | |||||
*: g. bifidobacterium, o. pseudomonadales, f. actinomycetaceae, k. bacteria, g. staphylococcus, g. streptococcus, f. streptococcaceae, f. bifidobacteriaceae, o. enterobacteriales, f. Enterobacteriaceae.
**: f. Prevotellaceae, f. peptostreptococcaceae, f. ruminococcaceae, o. clostridiales, f. porphyromonadaceae, f. clostridiaceae, f. lachnospiraceae, f. veillonellaceae, f. bacteroidaceae, f. bifidobacteriaceae.
***: o. lactobacillales, o. bacillales, f. pasteurellaceae, f. staphylococcaceae, f. lactobacillaceae, f. enterococcaceae, o. enterobacteriales, f. streptococcaceae, f. Enterobacteriaceae.
1 # participants in a subgroup, if applicable.
I Intervention.
C Control.
T Total.
CS Caesarean section.
SG subgroup.
HMOs human milk oligosaccharides.
(sc) GOS: (short chain) galactooligosaccharides.
(lc) FOS: (long chain) fructooligosaccharides.
BMOs bovine milk oligosaccharides.
MOS: Milk oligosaccharides.
D days.
M months.
W weeks.
H hours.
Y year.
AB antibiotics.