TABLE 1.
Evidence Quality Assessment (N = 25)
| Author (Year) | |
|---|---|
| Evidence level 1: systematic review of evidence level 2 studies | — |
| Evidence level 2: RCT | Chen et al30 (2019)a |
| Mirza et al43 (2013)a | |
| Evidence level 3-I: pseudo-RCT (ie, alternate allocation or some other method) | Arauz Boudreau et al27 (2013)b |
| O’Connor et al45 (2020)b | |
| La Roche et al38 (2006)b | |
| Mazzeo et al42 (2014)b | |
| Falbe et al33 (2015)b | |
| Evidence level 3-II: comparative study with concurrent controls (nonrandomized experimental trial, cohort study, case-control study, interrupted time series) | — |
| Evidence level 3-III: comparative study without concurrent controls (historical control study, ≥2 single-arm interrupted time series without a parallel control group) | Cronk et al31 (2011) |
| Evidence level 4: case series with either posttest or pre- and posttest outcomes or cross-sectional design | Bender et al29 (2014)c |
| D’Angelo et al32 (2009) | |
| Bender et al28 (2013) | |
| Herbst et al37 (2019) | |
| Falbe et al34 (2017)c | |
| Feutz and Andresen35 (2013) | |
| Hamilton et al36 (2013) | |
| Landback et al39 (2009) | |
| Lewin et al40 (2015) | |
| López et al41 (2018) | |
| Nitsos et al44 (2017) | |
| Reavy et al46 (2012) | |
| Rice et al47 (2003) | |
| Ryan et al48 (2020) | |
| Serpas et al49 (2013) | |
| Svetaz et al50 (2016) | |
| Valdez et al51 (2013) |
—, not applicable.
a
Described a power analysis.
b
No power analysis or authors stated they were underpowered.
c
Included here because the evaluation is described in another article.