Table 3. ASMR and age-standardized summary exposure value rates attribute to risk factors for colorectal cancer and rate of changes in China and the U.S. between 1990 and 2019.
| Risk factors | ASMR | ASR of SEV | ||||||
| Location | 1990 (95% UI) |
2019 (95% UI) |
Change rate in 1990−2019 (%) |
1990 (95% UI) |
2019 (95% UI) |
Change rate in 1990−2019 (%) |
||
| ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; 95% UI, 95% uncertainty interval; ASR, age-standardized rate; SEV, summary exposure value; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; BMI, body mass index. | ||||||||
| All risk factors | China | 5.61 (4.69, 6.59) |
7.86 (6.35, 9.47) |
40.11 | 25.60 (22.23, 28.13) |
21.91 (17.76, 26.1) |
−14.41 | |
| the U.S. | 12.11 (10.45, 13.78) |
9.16 (7.87, 10.52) |
−24.36 | 21.34 (18.06, 24.67) |
22.51 (18.72, 26.11) |
5.48 | ||
| Diet low in milk (360−500 g/d) |
China | 1.96 (1.34, 2.59) |
2.66 (1.75, 3.56) |
35.71 | 94.57 (88.26, 99.15) |
95.83 (88.55, 100) |
1.38 | |
| the U.S. | 1.99 (0.84, 3.12) |
1.27 (0.48, 2.08) |
−36.18 | 47.80 (25.38, 67.63) |
41.71 (19.56, 60.66) |
−12.76 | ||
| Diet high in red meat (140−160 g/d) |
China | 0.34 (0.05, 0.84) |
0.81 (0.20, 1.57) |
138.24 | 40.38 (29.66, 50.88) |
70.70 (61.87, 78.16) |
75.43 | |
| the U.S. | 1.37 (0.39, 2.45) |
1.03 (0.29, 1.84) |
−24.82 | 80.07 (74.12, 85.42) |
77.99 (70.76, 84.00) |
−2.62 | ||
| Diet high in processed meat (0−22.5 g/d) |
China | 0.07 (0.03, 0.11) |
0.16 (0.04, 0.29) |
128.57 | 8.58 (3.98, 19.22) |
16.52 (7.34, 33.92) |
92.31 | |
| the U.S. | 1.22 (0.42, 1.86) |
1.03 (0.38, 1.64) |
−15.57 | 78.14 (54.80, 97.15) |
86.03 (69.02, 99.41) |
10.12 | ||
| Diet low in fiber (21−22 g/d) |
China | 0.25 (0.10, 0.46) |
0.14 (0.06, 0.30) |
−44.00 | 38.61 (25.53, 51.75) |
21.02 (12.61,30.55) |
−45.60 | |
| the U.S. | 0.61 (0.24, 1.11) |
0.30 (0.12, 0.59) |
−50.82 | 39.69 (26.33, 52.75) |
26.26 (15.78, 36.65) |
−33.84 | ||
| Low physical activity (3,000−4,500 min/week) |
China | 0.47 (0.13, 0.95) |
0.58 (0.16, 1.16) |
23.40 | 2.14 (1.14, 4.16) |
2.31 (1.16, 4.42) |
7.94 | |
| the U.S. | 1.11 (0.27, 2.21) |
0.59 (0.13, 1.16) |
−46.85 | 3.78 (1.80, 7.13) |
3.80 (1.87, 7.30) |
0.53 | ||
| Diet low in calcium (1.06−1.10 g/d) |
China | 2.16 (1.71, 2.77) |
2.13 (1.45, 2.94) |
−1.39 | 68.28 (56.87, 83.82) |
46.38 (32.99, 65.97) |
−32.11 | |
| the U.S. | 1.18 (0.60, 2.02) |
0.74 (0.36, 1.28) |
−37.29 | 12.95 (6.00, 24.16) |
10.85 (5.05, 19.86) |
−16.28 | ||
| Smoking | China | 1.30 (0.82, 1.77) |
2.12 (1.40, 3.02) |
63.08 | 15.23 (13.52, 17.05) |
14.52 (12.99, 16.11) |
−4.61 | |
| the U.S. | 3.58 (2.08, 5.11) |
2.12 (1.23, 3.07) |
−40.78 | 23.20 (21.11, 25.44) |
14.51 (13.08, 16.06) |
−37.50 | ||
| Alcohol use | China | 0.66 (0.48, 0.87) |
1.24 (0.85, 1.70) |
87.88 | 5.41 (3.75, 7.40) |
8.59 (5.94, 11.91) |
58.78 | |
| the U.S. | 1.87 (1.43, 2.34) |
1.62 (1.23, 2.03) |
−13.37 | 12.03 (8.47, 16.25) |
13.61 (9.54, 18.67) |
13.33 | ||
| High FPG (4.8−5.4 mmol/L) |
China | 0.62 (0.14, 1.41) |
0.97 (0.21, 2.21) |
56.45 | 7.63 (6.62, 8.72) |
9.43 (8.31, 10.55) |
23.59 | |
| the U.S. | 1.78 (0.43, 3.89) |
1.87 (0.47, 3.92) |
5.06 | 11.19 (9.95, 12.50) |
16.53 (15.28, 17.87) |
48.65 | ||
| High BMI (20−25 kg/m2) |
China | 0.22 (0.05, 0.53) |
0.72 (0.28, 1.36) |
227.27 | 4.70 (2.31, 8.41) |
13.20 (9.16, 18.43) |
180.85 | |
| the U.S. | 1.79 (0.92, 2.80) |
1.93 (1.11, 2.78) |
7.82 | 27.27 (20.42, 35.43) |
41.92 (32.57, 50.45) |
54.04 | ||