Table 4.

Summary of genetic toxicity thresholds in vivo of EMS

Reference	Animals	Tissue	Endpoint	PoD (mg/kg bw/d)
				NOGEL	BMDL
Cao et al	gpt−delta mice	Lung	gpt gene mutation	5	0.56
		Kidney	gpt gene mutation	5	0.59
		Spleen	gpt gene mutation	13	0.35
		Bone marrow	gpt gene mutation	20	0.37
		Small intestine	gpt gene mutation	20	0.55
		Liver	Micronucleus	55	2.3
		Peripheral blood	Pig−a gene mutation RET	5	1.18
			Pig−a gene mutation RBC	20	4.67
			Micronucleus RET on 13d	20	6.79
			Micronucleus RET on 29d	55	8.26
Gocke et al	MutaTMmice	Bone marrow	lacZ gene mutation	50	9.29
		Liver	lacZ gene mutation	50	41
		Small intestine	lacZ gene mutation	25	12.3
	CD1 mice	Bone marrow	Micronucleus RET on 7d	80	58.7

Abbreviations: RBC red blood cell, RET reticulocytes, NOGEL no observed genotoxic effect level, BMDL the lower bound of benchmark dose