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. 2022 Nov 9;12:19112. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23601-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bioenergetic deterioration of Treg cells after exposure to FH535. (A) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) profiles of Treg cells after 7-day culture in the absence (Control) or presence of FH535. Bar panels show the corresponding measurements of Baseline and Respiratory Capacity, differentiated between FA-dependent (Etomoxir-sensitive, blue bars) and FA-independent (Etomoxir-resistant, grey bars) respiration. (B) Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) profiles of Treg cells under the same conditions as in (A). AUC measurements of corresponding ECAR values of Glycolysis and Glycolytic capacity. (C,D) OCR and ECAR readings of Treg cells cultured in FH535 or vehicle control for 18 h (C) Exposure to FH535 did not induce any change on the OCR profile. (D) In contrast, exposure to FH535 enhanced glycolysis and glycolytic capacity of Treg cells. Results show the mean ± SD from six replicates. (*)p < 0.05 and (**)p < 0.005 significance were determined by Student’s t test.