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. 2022 Nov 9;12:18318. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21424-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of extraction on the skin. (a) Photographs of the skin MHD well sites before and after the glucose tolerance test that includes 30 extractions lasting 5 min. The extraction well outline was marked with a red makeup pen before the experiment. (b) ΔTEWL and (c) Δ skin water content for each well from all 10 experiments. Δ values were obtained by measuring the skin parameters before and after the experiment and by calculating the difference between these values (Δ = after – before). p values were obtained via t-test, with p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.