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. 2022 Nov 9;12:19116. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23293-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Behavioral task. (a) Example luminance modulation (LM) grating stimulus at the center of the screen, with different fixation targets (only one fixation target was visible on any given trial) that would place the stimulus at 2.1°, 4.3° (in a white square), 6.4°, and 8.5° of eccentricity. For illustration purposes, the LM grating stimulus here as well as those in b and c are at higher contrast than those used in the experiments. (b) Depiction of the 2-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task in which the subject reported the direction of motion (left vs right) of an LM grating at different spatial frequencies (SFs). (c). Example LM stimuli at different SFs. (d) Example contrast modulation (CM) stimulus at the center of the screen, with the same fixation targets as in (a). (e) Depiction of the 2AFC task in which the subject reported the direction of motion (left vs right) of a CM envelope at different carrier SFs. (f) Example CM stimuli at different carrier SFs. Fixation targets are slightly enlarged here for illustration purposes.