Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Variables | Total | T1 | T2 | T3 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 372 | 126 | 129 | 117 | |
| Sodium range (mmol/L) | 135.0-145.0 | 135.0-140.3 | 140.4-142.4 | 142.5-145.0 | |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 141.17 ± 2.25 | 138.62 ± 1.40 | 141.46 ± 0.61 | 143.59 ± 0.75 | |
| Age (years) | 58.56 ± 12.80 | 57.56 ± 13.84 | 58.95 ± 12.75 | 59.21 ± 11.68 | 0.555 |
| Male, n (%) | 202(54.3) | 78(61.9) | 60(46.5) | 64(54.7) | 0.047 |
| Diabetic duration (years) | 6.0(2.0-10.0) | 5.0(2.0-10.0) | 7.0(2.0-10.0) | 8.0(2.0-12.5) | 0.179 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.74 ± 3.83 | 26.11 ± 4.27 | 25.32 ± 3.59 | 25.82 ± 3.59 | 0.263 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136.84 ± 19.18 | 134.60 ± 19.52 | 137.30 ± 19.05 | 138.73 ± 18.89 | 0.233 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 83.38 ± 10.58 | 83.45 ± 12.23 | 83.41 ± 10.59 | 83.28 ± 10.42 | 0.992 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 36(9.7) | 9(7.1) | 14(10.9) | 12(10.3) | 0.556 |
| Antidiabetic treatments | |||||
| Insulin treatment, n (%) | 110(29.6) | 34(27.0) | 35(27.1) | 41(35.0) | 0.293 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 183(49.2) | 62(49.2) | 75(58.1) | 46(39.3) | 0.013 |
| Acarbose, n (%) | 30(8.1) | 9(7.1) | 7(5.4) | 14(12.0) | 0.153 |
| Insulin-secretagogues, n (%) | 123(33.1) | 36(28.6) | 41(31.8) | 46(39.3) | 0.191 |
| Insulin-sensitizers, n (%) | 40(10.8) | 14(11.1) | 16(12.4) | 10(8.5) | 0.614 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors, n (%) | 30(8.1) | 13(10.3) | 7(5.4) | 10(8.5) | 0.348 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors, n (%) | 42(11.3) | 15(11.9) | 13(10.1) | 14(12.0) | 0.865 |
| Antihypertensive treatments | |||||
| CCB, n (%) | 91(24.5) | 38(30.2) | 25(19.4) | 28(23.9) | 0.133 |
| ARB, n (%) | 82(22.0) | 29(23.0) | 23(17.8) | 30(25.6) | 0.319 |
| β-blockers, n (%) | 28(7.5) | 10(7.9) | 8(6.2) | 10(8.5) | 0.767 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 29(7.8) | 12(9.5) | 7(5.4) | 10(8.5) | 0.767 |
| Statins medications, n (%) | 30(8.1) | 10(7.9) | 10(7.8) | 10(8.5) | 0.972 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.30 ± 2.25 | 9.91 ± 2.31 | 9.00 ± 2.04 | 8.99 ± 1.96 | <0.001 |
| AUCCP | 13.11(8.32-18.93) | 11.60(8.50-17.72) | 12.77(7.95-19.62) | 13.65(9.44-19.84) | 0.306 |
| HOMA-IRCP | 0.46(0.25-0.74) | 0.47(0.25-0.78) | 0.42(0.24-0.76) | 0.47(0.26-0.68) | 0.927 |
| Serum UA (umol/L) | 312.66 ± 107.16 | 330.33 ± 121.73 | 300.10 ± 100.61 | 307.39 ± 95.05 | 0.067 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.96 ± 0.41 | 1.01 ± 0.48 | 0.92 ± 0.44 | 0.95 ± 0.30 | 0.263 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 98.01 ± 26.88 | 96.34 ± 29.17 | 101.77 ± 26.97 | 95.7 ± 23.95 | 0.197 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 16.25(8.13-45.00) | 18.40(8.60-58.65) | 18.60(8.75-40.08) | 12.90(7.00-34.40) | 0.077 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.68(1.05-2.59) | 1.81(1.19-2.96) | 1.57(1.02-2.68) | 1.65(1.03-2.20) | 0.062 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.40 ± 1.26 | 4.66 ± 1.57 | 4.29 ± 1.09 | 4.24 ± 0.99 | 0.016 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.12 ± 0.26 | 1.11 ± 0.28 | 1.13 ± 0.23 | 1.10 ± 0.26 | 0.524 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.75 ± 0.89 | 2.79 ± 0.86 | 2.70 ± 0.94 | 2.75 ± 0.86 | 0.743 |
| lnOC | 2.41 ± 0.41 | 2.33 ± 0.43 | 2.44 ± 0.39 | 2.47 ± 0.39 | 0.014 |
| lnCTx | -0.81 ± 0.56 | -0.84 ± 0.58 | -0.84 ± 0.59 | -0.75 ± 0.50 | 0.353 |
| lnPINP | 3.65 ± 0.44 | 3.57 ± 0.46 | 3.67 ± 0.44 | 3.70 ± 0.40 | 0.037 |
| PTH (pg/mL) | 33.70(25.70-43.90) | 32.80(25.40-43.13) | 34.20(26.85-44.10) | 34.00(25.03-45.00) | 0.661 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 16.82 ± 7.19 | 16.01 ± 7.49 | 17.41 ± 7.14 | 17.04 ± 6.90 | 0.277 |
| Lumbar spine BMD | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 0.98 ± 0.18 | 0.93 ± 0.18 | 0.96 ± 0.15 | 0.149 |
| Total hip BMD | 1.03 ± 0.13 | 1.03 ± 0.12 | 1.03 ± 0.15 | 1.03 ± 0.12 | 0.964 |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 61(16.4) | 15(11.9) | 31(24.0) | 15(12.8) | 0.155 |
Normally distributed values in the table are given as the mean ± SD, skewed distributed values are given as the median (25 and 75% interquartiles), and categorical variables are given as frequency (percentage).
BMI, body mass index; SBP/DBP, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, Insulin-secretagogues insulin secretagogues, Insulin-sensitizers insulin sensitizing agents; DPP-4, inhibitors dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors SGLT-2 inhibitors; CCB, calcium channel blockers; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; AUCCP, area under the C-peptide curve; HOMA-IRCP, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance using C-peptide; Serum UA, serum uric acid; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OC, osteocalcin; CTx, C-terminal telopeptide; PINP, N-terminal propeptide of type-I procollagen; PTH, parathyroid hormone; BMD, bone mineral density.