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Epigenetic reprogramming determines the immune phenotype of trained cells. Resting cells contain inhibitory epigenetic marks in immune response-related gene regulation areas. Cell activation and epigenetic reprogramming are initiated by an initial insult. Repressive marks fade and epigenetic activating markers (H3K27ac, H3K4me1) are present. Activating markers are partially preserved after stimulus elimination, and trained cells exhibit enhanced immune responses to subsequent stimuli.
