Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the patients by outcome
| Variables | Healthy subjects (N = 17) | Resolving (N = 41) | Non-resolving (N = 101) | Early-nonsurvivors (N = 51) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (Median [IQR]) | 38 (±31) | 48 (±34) | 46 (±37) | 46 (±42) | 0.836a |
| Sex (% Male) | 12 (70.6%) | 31 (75.6%) | 78 (77.2%) | 36 (70.6%) | 0.809a |
| Race (% White) | 35 (85.4%) | 89 (88.1%) | 48 (94.1%) | 0.365 | |
| Injury characteristics | |||||
| ISS (Median [IQR]) | 21 (±10) | 30 (±16) | 24 (±23) | <0.001 | |
| Head AIS (Median [IQR]) | 0 (±3.0) | 3.0 (±2.0) | 3.0 (±4.0) | <0.001 | |
| TBI (%) | 14 (34.1%) | 66 (65.3%) | 29 (56.9%) | 0.003 | |
| GCS (Median [IQR]) | 14 (±7.0) | 3.0 (±9.0) | 3.0 (±8.0) | <0.001 | |
| SBP < 70 mmHg (%) | 19 (46.3%) | 41 (40.6%) | 25 (49.0%) | 0.580 | |
| HR (Median [IQR]) | 120 (±16) | 120 (±21) | 120 (±39) | 0.218 | |
| Injury type (% Blunt) | 30 (73.2%) | 93 (92.1%) | 47 (92.2%) | 0.017 | |
| Prehospital | |||||
| Treatment arm | |||||
| Standard care (%) | 25 (61.0%) | 48 (47.5%) | 36 (70.6%) | 0.021 | |
| TP (%) | 16 (39.0%) | 53 (52.5%) | 15 (29.4%) | ||
| Transport time (Median [IQR]) | 39 (±18) | 44 (±17) | 42 (±18) | 0.771 | |
| CPR (%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.97%) | 5 (9.80%) | 0.044 | |
| Intubation (%) | 13 (31.7%) | 65 (64.4%) | 40 (78.4%) | <0.001 | |
| Blood (%) | 11 (26.8%) | 32 (31.7%) | 22 (43.1%) | 0.214 | |
| Crystalloid (Median [IQR]) | 800 (±1400) | 830 (±1300) | 1000 (±1600) | 0.891 | |
| PRBC (Median [IQR]) | 0 (±1.0) | 0 (±1.0) | 0 (±2.0) | 0.233 | |
| Hospital | |||||
| Transfusion 24 h (Median [IQR]) | 2.0 (±8.0) | 7.0 (±14) | 12 (±20) | <0.001 | |
| PRBC 24 h (Median [IQR]) | 2.0 (±5.0) | 5.0 (±7.0) | 8.0 (±10) | <0.001 | |
| Plasma 24 h (Median [IQR]) | 0 (±0) | 2.0 (±4.0) | 4.0 (±8.0) | <0.001 | |
| Platelets 24 h (Median [IQR]) | 0 (±0) | 0 (±1.0) | 1.0 (±2.0) | 0.002 | |
| Crystalloid 24 h (Median [IQR]) | 4800 (±3800) | 5300 (±4000) | 4600 (±3000) | 0.095 | |
| Vasopressors 24 h (%) | 19 (46.3%) | 68 (67.3%) | 44 (86.3%) | <0.001 | |
| INR (Median [IQR]) | 1.2 (±0.20) | 1.3 (±0.36) | 1.6 (±0.72) | <0.001 | |
| Other outcomes | |||||
| Coagulopathy (%) | 16 (39.0%) | 54 (53.5%) | 44 (86.3%) | <0.001 | |
| ALI (%) | 2 (4.88%) | 47 (46.5%) | 3 (5.88%) | <0.001 | |
| NI (%) | 3 (7.32%) | 43 (42.6%) | \ | <0.001 | |
| MOF (%) | 31 (75.6%) | 98 (97.0%) | \ | <0.001 | |
| Vent days (Median [IQR]) | 2.0 (±3.0) | 10 (±8.0) | 1.0 (±0) | <0.001 | |
| ICU LOS (Median [IQR]) | 4.0 (±3.0) | 13 (±9.0) | 1.0 (±1.5) | <0.001 | |
| Hospital LOS (Median [IQR]) | 9.0 (±10) | 19 (±19) | 1.0 (±1.0) | <0.001 | |
Pearson’s χ2 test was used for calculating p value of categorical variables. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for calculating p value of continuous variables.
ISS injury severity score, AIS abbreviated injury score, TBI traumatic brain injury, GCS Glasgow coma score, SBP systolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, TP thawed allogeneic plasma, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, PRBC packed red blood cells, INR international normalized ratio, ALI acute lung injury, NI nosocomial infection, MOF multiple organ failure, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay.
aTest was conducted across both healthy subjects and the three outcome groups of trauma patients.