Table 2.
Overview of Sets of Ethical Principles. The sets of principles are ordered historically and alpha numerically. See manuscript text and citations for further details.
| Sets of Ethical Principles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Set | Principles | Citation |
| 3Rs | Replacement - with other species or non-animal methods | Russell and Burch, 1959 |
| Reduction - fewest animals necessary | ||
| Refinement - use the most refined approach | ||
| 3Ss | Good Science - reduce variation using effective techniques and fewest subjects | Carol Newton (Smith and Hawkins, 2016) |
| Good Sense - the correct animal used for the correct reason (valid and translatable model) | ||
| Good Sensibilities - reduce likelihood of the animal experiencing “contingent suffering" | ||
| 3Vs (Validities) | Construct Validity - is the animal valid for the scientific objective? | Eggel and Würbel, 2021; Würbel, 2017 |
| Internal Validity - is the approach and protocol appropriately designed? | ||
| External Validity - will the work generalize to other animals or humans based on its purpose? | ||
| 4Fs (Fundamental principles) | 1. Biomedical research principle - statement on the need for biomedical research | Tannenbaum, 2017 |
| 2. Animal research principle - statement on the requirement for the animal research | ||
| 3. Medical research with human subjects - statement on the limitations of human research | ||
| 4. Animal research aims - minimize pain or distress to the animals | ||
| 6Ps (Principles) | Principle 1 - no alternative method | Beauchamp and DeGrazia, 2019 |
| Principle 2 - expected net benefit | ||
| Principle 3 - sufficient value to justify harm | ||
| Principle 4 - no unnecessary harm | ||
| Principle 5 - animal basic needs | ||
| Principle 6 - upper limits to harm | ||