Table 4. Contributions to and Expenditures From Third-Party Payers, by Payer, Among Immigrants and US-Born Citizens, 2017.
| Group | Amount (95% CI), $ in billions | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Contribution | Expenditure | Net contributiona | |
| All immigrants | |||
| Medicare | 98.0 (95.5 to 100.4) | 84.2 (69.4 to 99.0) | 13.7 (−1.3 to 28.7) |
| Private | 100.6 (96.3 to 105.0) | 61.4 (52.1 to 70.6) | 39.3 (29.1 to 49.5) |
| Medicaid | 84.1 (81.5 to 86.6) | 73.8 (71.6 to 76.0) | 10.2 (6.9 to 13.6) |
| Uncompensated care | 5.5 (4.7 to 6.2) | 10.4b | −4.9 (−5.7 to −4.1)c |
| Citizen immigrants | |||
| Medicare | 58.2 (56.2 to 60.1) | 67.8 (53.7 to 82.0) | −9.6 (−23.9 to 4.6) |
| Private | 58.7 (55.6 to 61.8) | 43.3 (34.8 to 51.7) | 15.4 (6.4 to 24.4) |
| Medicaid | 45.8 (44.0 to 47.7) | 47.8 (45.8 to 49.8) | −2.0 (−4.7 to 0.7) |
| Uncompensated care | 3.1 (2.8 to 3.5) | 2.6b | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8)c |
| Documented noncitizen immigrants | |||
| Medicare | 18.9 (18.0 to 19.8) | 16.4 (11.8 to 20.9) | 2.5 (−2.1 to 7.2) |
| Private | 20.8 (19.1 to 22.6) | 11.7 (9.1 to 14.2) | 9.2 (6.1 to 12.3) |
| Medicaid | 16.9 (15.9 to 17.9) | 26.0 (25.0 to 26.9) | −9.1 (−10.4 to −7.7) |
| Uncompensated care | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.6b | −0.6 (−0.6 to −0.5)c |
| Undocumented immigrants | |||
| Medicare | 20.9 (19.8 to 21.9) | 0.04 (0.0 to 0.1) | 20.8 (19.7 to 21.9) |
| Private | 21.1 (18.9 to 23.4) | 6.4 (3.2 to 9.7) | 14.7 (10.7 to 18.6) |
| Medicaid | 21.3 (19.8 to 22.8) | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) | 21.3 (19.8 to 22.8) |
| Uncompensated care | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 6.1b | −4.9 (−5.0 to −4.8)c |
| US-born citizens | |||
| Medicare | 615.7 (609.2 to 622.3) | 634.9 (595.2 to 674.6) | −19.2 (−59.5 to 21.1) |
| Private | 599.9 (584.6 to 615.3) | 639.2 (587.4 to 691.0) | −39.3 (−93.3 to 14.7) |
| Medicaid | 492.6 (486.9 to 498.3) | 506.3 (500.1 to 512.4) | −13.7 (−22.1 to −5.2) |
| Uncompensated care | 32.9 (17.8 to 48.1) | 28.0b | 4.9 (−10.2 to 20.0)c |
a
Calculated as contributions minus expenditures.
b
95% CIs were not available because the American Hospital Association did not report CIs for its estimates of total uncompensated care (from which the point estimates were calculated for this study).
c
95% CIs were slightly underestimated because they did not account for uncertainty in the uncompensated care expenditure estimates.