Table 2.
Sociodemographic, clinical covariates
| Male Sentenced Prisoners (Total N = 221) | No PTSD/CPTSD N = 167 | PTSD N = 17 | CPTSD N = 37 | PTSD | CPTSD | CPTSD | CPTSD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ORa | CI | ORa | CI | AORb | CI | AORc | CI |
| Age | – | – | – | 0.98 | 0.9–1.0 | 1.0 | 0.97–1.1 | – | – | 1.03 | 0.96–1.1 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||
| BME (n = 100) | 76 (76) | 10 (10) | 14 (14) | 1.7 | 0.6–4.7 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.5 | – | – | 0.4 | 0.1–1.4 |
| White (n = 121) | 91 (75.2) | 7 (5.8) | 23 (19) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Employment status prior to prison | |||||||||||
| Unemployed (n = 116) | 81 (69.8) | 11 (9.5) | 24 (20.7) | 1.9 | 0.7–5.5 | 2.0 | 0.9–4.1 | – | – | 1.0 | 0.3–3.4 |
| Employed (n = 105) | 86 (81.9) | 6 (5.7) | 13 (12.4) | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Educational qualifications | |||||||||||
| None (n = 71) | 48 (67.6) | 6 (8.5) | 17 (23.9) | 1.3 | 0.5–3.8 | 2.1 | 0.99–4.3 | – | – | 1.6 | 0.5–5.1 |
| Any (n = 148) | 117 (79) | 11 (7.4) | 20 (13.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Relationship status prior to prison | |||||||||||
| Single (n = 184) | 137 (74.5) | 17 (9.2) | 30 (16.3) | – | – | 1.1 | 0.4–2.6 | – | – | – | – |
| Married/cohabitating (n = 37) | 30 (81) | 0 (0) | 7 (18.9) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Immigration status | |||||||||||
| Foreign national (n = 32) | 26 (81.2) | 1 (3.1) | 5 (15.6) | 0.3 | 0.04–2.6 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.4 | – | – | 2.5 | 0.3–23.2 |
| UK national (n = 188) | 140 (74.5) | 16 (8.5) | 32 (17) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Living status prior to prison | |||||||||||
| Homeless (n = 44) | 26 (59) | 5 (11.4) | 13 (29.6) | 2.3 | 0.7–6.9 | 2.9 | 1.3–6.5 | 2.8 | 1.3–6.3 | 1.3 | 0.4–4.5 |
| Stable accommodation (n = 177) | 141 (79.7) | 12 (6.8) | 24 (13.6) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Previous history of anxiety/depression (n = 68) | 46 (67.7) | 5 (7.4) | 17 (25) | 1.1 | 0.4–3.3 | 2.2 | 1.1–4.6 | 2.2 | 1.0–4.5 | 2.0 | 0.6–7.0 |
| None reported | 121 (79.1) | 12 (7.8) | 20 (13.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Sentence length (>18 months) | 52 (74.4) | 9 (6.5) | 25 (18.1) | 1.6 | 0.5–4.4 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.9 | – | – | ||
| Sentence ⩽ 18 months | 104 (75.4) | 9 (6.5) | 25 (18.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
Results of multinomial logistic regression examining historical, demographic, and clinical covariates. Notes: significant (p < 0.05) results are in bold.
a
Reference group sub-clinical class.
b
CPTSD results adjusted for significant covariates (living status, previous history of anxiety/depression).
c
CPTSD results, PTSD class set as the reference category.