TABLE 1.
Population Characteristics and Pathogens Detected in Stool Samples From Children Younger Than 5 Years With and Without Medically Attended Gastroenteritis in Peru
| Population Characteristics, N = 1788 | Children With Gastroenteritis (Comparison Population), n = 932 | Children Without Gastroenteritis (All), n = 856 | P | Children Without Gastroenteritis (Hospital-Based), n = 400 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex, n (%) | 528 (56.7) | 434 (50.7) | .01 | 205 (51.3) | .07 |
| Age, mean (SD), mo | 21.5 (13.0) | 24.9 (16.0) | <.01 | 32.25 (16.4) | <.01 |
| SES score, median (range) | 39 (4–59) | 32 (6–54) | <.01 | 22 (6–54) | <.01 |
| Improved sanitation (WHO definition), n (%) | 872 (93.6) | 339 (39.6) | <.01 | 339 (84.8) | <.01 |
| Improved water source (WHO definition), n (%) | 839 (90.2) | 353 (41.2) | <.01 | 353 (88.3) | .28 |
| Hematocrit, mean (SD) | 35.0 (2.8) | 35.5 (2.6) | <.01 | 35.3 (0.5) | .04 |
| Blood group, n (%) | |||||
| O | 578 (81.4) | 673 (82.1) | .39 | 286 (78.6) | .29 |
| A | 92 (13.0) | 106 (12.9) | .52 | 53 (14.6) | .51 |
| B | 37 (5.2) | 37 (94.5) | .30 | 22 (6.0) | .57 |
| AB | 3 (0.4) | 4 (0.5) | .58 | 3 (0.8) | .41 |
| Rhesus factor positive, n (%) | 704 (99.2) | 817 (99.6) | .32 | 361 (99.2) | >.99 |
| Wt-for-age z score, mean (SD) | 0.11 (1.28) | 0.53 (1.23) | <.01 | 0.29 (1.15) | <.01 |
| Wt-for-length/height z score, mean (SD) | 0.18 (1.74) | 0.57 (1.42) | <.01 | 0.35 (1.57) | .04 |
| Length/height-for-age z score, mean (SD) | 0.06 (2.28) | 0.31 (1.81) | .02 | 0.13 (1.88) | .26 |
| BMI-for-age z score, mean (SD) | 0.15 (1.92) | 0.52 (1.55) | <.01 | 0.31 (1.74) | .07 |
| Rotavirus dose 1, n (%) | 876 (96.6) | 676 (92.0) | <.01 | 383 (97.7) | .38 |
| Rotavirus dose 2, n (%) | 833 (91.8) | 628 (85.4) | <.01 | 363 (92.6) | .74 |
| Season, n (%) | |||||
| Summer (December to February) | 247 (26.5) | 154 (18.0) | <.01 | 92 (23.0) | .19 |
| Fall (March to May) | 298 (32.0) | 255 (29.8) | <.01 | 65 (16.3) | <.01 |
| Winter (June to August) | 172 (18.5) | 212 (24.8) | .11 | 89 (22.3) | .11 |
| Spring (September to November) | 215 (23.1) | 235 (27.5) | <.01 | 154 (38.5) | <.01 |
| Microbes, n (%) | 689 (73.9) | 381 (44.5) | <.01 | 150 (37.5) | <.01 |
| Viruses, n (%) | 532 (57.1) | 183 (21.3) | <.01 | 74 (18.5) | <.01 |
| Aichivirus | 11 (2.0) | 7 (2.0) | >.99 | 7 (3.2) | .30 |
| Astrovirus | 48 (5.2) | 23 (2.7) | <.01 | 9 (2.3) | .02 |
| Norovirus | 337 (36.2) | 106 (12.4) | <.01 | 32 (8.0) | <.01 |
| GI | 29 (3.1) | 30 (3.5) | .69 | 11 (2.8) | .86 |
| GII | 312 (33.5) | 77 (9.0) | <.01 | 21 (5.3) | <.01 |
| Rotavirus | 98 (10.5) | 29 (3.4) | <.01 | 21 (5.3) | <.01 |
| Sapovirus | 81 (8.7) | 26 (3.0) | <.01 | 6 (1.5) | <.01 |
| Bacteria, n (%) | 361 (38.7) | 210 (26.5) | <.01 | 89 (22.3) | <.01 |
| Aeromonas | 27 (2.9) | 15 (1.9) | .21 | 8 (2.0) | .46 |
| Campylobacter | 32 (3.4) | 14 (1.8) | .04 | 3 (0.8) | <.01 |
| C coli | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) | .66 | 1 (0.3) | >.99 |
| C jejuni | 30 (3.2) | 11 (1.4) | .02 | 2 (0.5) | <.01 |
| E coli | 297 (31.9) | 179 (22.6) | <.01 | 79 (19.8) | <.01 |
| DAEC | 154 (16.5) | 105 (13.2) | .06 | 52 (13.0) | .12 |
| EAEC | 66 (7.1) | 29 (3.7) | <.01 | 13 (3.3) | <.01 |
| EPEC | 48 (5.2) | 35 (4.4) | .50 | 11 (2.8) | .06 |
| EIEC | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | >.99 | 1 (0.3) | >.99 |
| ETEC | 51 (5.5) | 22 (2.8) | <.01 | 5 (1.3) | <.01 |
| ETEC (LT+) | 18 (1.9) | 13 (1.6) | .71 | 2 (0.5) | .05 |
| ETEC (ST+) | 27 (2.9) | 9 (1.1) | .01 | 3 (0.8) | .01 |
| ETEC (LT+/ST+) | 6 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | .03 | 0 (0.0) | .19 |
| STEC | 12 (1.3) | 4 (0.5) | .13 | 1 (0.3) | .12 |
| STEC (STX1) | 5 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | .07 | 0 (0.0) | .33 |
| STEC (STX2) | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | .25 | 0 (0.0) | .56 |
| STEC (STX1/STX2) | 4 (0.4) | 4 (0.5) | >.99 | 1 (0.3) | >.99 |
| Plesiomonas | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | .50 | 0 (0.0) | >.99 |
| Salmonella | 14 (1.5) | 14 (1.8) | .71 | 1 (0.3) | .05 |
| Shigella | 21 (2.3) | 2 (0.3) | <.01 | 0 (0.0) | <.01 |
| S flexneri | 8 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | <.01 | 0 (0.0) | .11 |
| S sonnei | 10 (1.1) | 1 (0.1) | .01 | 0 (0.0) | .04 |
| Shigella other | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | .38 | 0 (0.0) | .56 |
| Vibrio | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | >.99 | 0 (0.0) | >.99 |
| Parasites, n (%) | 22 (5.3) | 103 (15.1) | <.01 | 31 (13.7) | <.01 |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | .64 | 0 (0.0) | .54 |
| Blastocystic hominis | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | .38 | 0 (0.0) | >.99 |
| Chilomastix mesnili | 3 (0.7) | 9 (1.3) | .55 | 2 (0.9) | >.99 |
| Cryptosporidium | 4 (1.0) | 4 (0.6) | .49 | 1 (0.4) | .66 |
| Endolimax nana | 0 (0.0) | 16 (2.3) | <.01 | 7 (3.1) | <.01 |
| Entamoeba coli | 3 (0.7) | 31 (4.5) | <.01 | 8 (3.5) | .02 |
| Giardia lamblia | 13 (3.10) | 59 (8.6) | <.01 | 15 (6.6) | .04 |
| Trichuris trichura | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | >.99 | 0 (0.0) | >.99 |