Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by incident depressive symptoms measured with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 ⩾ 10)
| Total | No depressive symptoms | Depressive symptoms | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population, n (%) | 2082 (100.0) | 1879 (90.2) | 203 (9.8) | |
| Age (years), mean (s.d.) | 60.1 (8.0) | 60.1 (8.0) | 59.7 (8.0) | 0.46 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.99 | |||
| Men | 1067 (51.2) | 963 (51.3) | 104 (51.2) | |
| Women | 1015 (48.8) | 916 (48.7) | 99 (48.8) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Low | 648 (31.1) | 562 (29.9) | 86 (42.4) | |
| Medium | 594 (28.5) | 531 (28.3) | 63 (31.0) | |
| High | 840 (40.3) | 786 (41.8) | 54 (26.6) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (s.d.) | 26.8 (4.3) | 26.6 (4.2) | 28.4 (5.3) | <0.01 |
| Energy intake, (kcal/day), mean (s.d.) | 2161.2 (586.2) | 2155.5 (583.6) | 2213.7 (609.2) | 0.18 |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Never | 758 (36.4) | 701 (37.3) | 57 (28.1) | |
| Former | 1088 (52.3) | 983 (52.3) | 105 (51.7) | |
| Current | 236 (11.3) | 195 (10.4) | 41 (20.2) | |
| Alcohol (drinks/week), n (%) | 0.01 | |||
| None | 325 (15.6) | 280 (14.9) | 45 (22.2) | |
| Moderate | 1201 (57.7) | 1079 (57.4) | 122 (60.1) | |
| High | 556 (26.7) | 520 (27.7) | 36 (17.7) | |
| Diabetes status, n (%) | <0.01 | |||
| No diabetes | 1212 (58.2) | 1123 (59.8) | 89 (43.8) | |
| Prediabetes | 319 (15.3) | 293 (15.6) | 26 (12.8) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 528 (25.4) | 446 (23.7) | 82 (40.4) | |
| Other type | 23 (1.1) | 17 (0.9) | 6 (3.0) | |
| Antidepressants, n (%) | <0.01 | |||
| No | 1966 (94.4) | 1793 (95.4) | 173 (85.2) | |
| Yes | 116 (5.6) | 86 (4.6) | 30 (14.8) | |
| Waking time (min/day), mean (s.d.) | 943.9 (54.3) | 944.9 (54.1) | 934.1 (55.4) | 0.01 |
| ST (min/day), mean (s.d.) | 561.2 (98.1) | 559.5 (96.6) | 577.6 (109.4) | 0.01 |
| LPA (min/day), mean (s.d.) | 98.1 (32.6) | 98.9 (32.1) | 90.8 (36.5) | <0.01 |
| HPA (min/day), median (IQR) | 19.2 (9.6–32.2) | 19.6 (9.9–32.5) | 14.4 (5.7–28.3) | <0.01 |
BMI = body mass index, ST = sedentary time, LPA = lower intensity physical activity, HPA = higher intensity physical activity.
s.d. = standard deviation, IQR = interquartile range.