Table 3.

Effect of VR simulation programe

2Variables	Experimental (n = 30)	Control (n = 30)	t(p valueb)	F(p valuec) for interaction
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Knowledge				0.02(.881)
Pre-test	7.67 ± 1.58	7.17 ± 1.81	−1.12(.269)
Post-test 1	8.47 ± 1.36	8.17 ± 1.36	−0.85(.410)
Post-test 2	8.57 ± 3.63	7.97 ± 1.54	−0.82(.414)
p valuea	.007	.007
Self-efficacy				19.54(<.001)
Pre-test	3.15 ± 1.77	3.54 ± 1.47	0.92(.361)
Post-test 1	7.18 ± 1.67	5.98 ± 1.39	−2.99(.004)
Post-test 2	7.28 ± 1.77	5.41 ± 1.06	−3.74(<.001)
p valuea	<.001	<.001
Clinical reasoning capacity				16.97(<.001)
Pre-test	2.38 ± 0.69	2.63 ± 0.60	1.47(.147)
Post-test 1	3.91 ± 0.51	3.49 ± 0.60	−2.89(.006)
Post-test 2	3.90 ± 0.64	3.31 ± 0.78	−3.11(.003)
p valuea	<.001	<.001
Learning immersion
Post-test	4.18 ± 0.47	3.68 ± 0.73	−3.13(.003)	N/A
Learning satisfaction
Post-test	8.80 ± 1.24	6.90 ± 2.05	−4.32(<.001)	N/A

N/A Not applicable

p value^a for within group comparisons were computed using repeated measures ANOVA

p value^b for between group comparisons were computed using independent t-test

p value^c for between group comparisons at baseline were computed using t-way repeated measures ANOVA