Table 1.
Characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | UK Biobank (Hearing test - SiN)a |
CABLE study (Questionnaire)b |
ADNI (MH and PE)c |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hearing normal |
Hearing impairment |
P | Hearing normal |
Hearing impairment |
P | Hearing normal |
Hearing impairment |
P | |
| (N = 151,437) | (N = 14,113) | (N = 715) | (N = 148) | (N = 1357) | (N = 413) | ||||
| Age (years) | 56.38 (8.14) | 60.39 (7.34) | <0.001 | 60.39 (11.70) | 66.29 (9.83) | <0.001 | 72.15 (6.97) | 75.53 (6.51) | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 82,763 (54.65%) | 7401 (52.44%) | <0.001 | 408 (57.06%) | 103 (69.59%) | 0.006 | 705 (51.95%) | 129 (31.23%) | <0.001 |
| Male | 68,674 (45.35%) | 6712 (47.56%) | 307 (42.94%) | 45 (30.41%) | 652 (48.05%) | 284 (68.77%) | |||
| Educationd | 0.001 | 0.142 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Years | – | – | 10.07 (4.47) | 9.45 (4.67) | 16.13 (2.73) | 16.57 (2.59) | |||
| Higher | 60,368 (46.65%) | 4475 (44.96%) | – | – | – | – | |||
| Lower | 69,049 (53.35%) | 5478 (55.04%) | – | – | – | – | |||
| TDI | −1.20 (2.90) | −0.48 (3.22) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.38 (4.81) | 27.91 (4.98) | <0.001 | 25.56 (4.40) | 25.47 (5.92) | 0.864 | – | – | |
| ApoE ε4 | 0.274 | 0.388 | 0.805 | ||||||
| 0 | 89,921 (71.63%) | 6966 (71.23%) | 605 (84.97%) | 122 (82.43%) | 795 (58.59%) | 242 (58.60%) | |||
| 1 | 32,756 (26.09%) | 2567 (26.25%) | 101 (14.19%) | 23 (15.54%) | 461 (33.97%) | 144 (34.87%) | |||
| 2 | 2867 (2.28%) | 247 (2.53%) | 6 (0.84%) | 3 (2.03%) | 101 (7.44%) | 27 (6.54%) | |||
| Smoking | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.092 | ||||||
| No | 83,437 (55.27%) | 7592 (54.19%) | 517 (72.51%) | 91 (61.49%) | 746 (71.18%) | 227 (66.18%) | |||
| Yes | 67,513 (44.73%) | 6417 (45.81%) | 196 (27.49%) | 57 (38.51%) | 302 (28.82%) | 116 (33.82%) | |||
| Drinking | <0.001 | 0.205 | 0.590 | ||||||
| No | 6457 (4.27%) | 1405 (9.98%) | 497 (69.90%) | 95 (64.19%) | 1019 (97.23%) | 336 (97.96%) | |||
| Yes | 144,821 (95.73%) | 12,677 (90.02%) | 214 (30.10%) | 53 (35.81%) | 29 (2.77%) | 7 (2.04%) | |||
| Hypertension | <0.001 | 0.981 | 0.922 | ||||||
| No | 111,418 (73.70%) | 9114 (64.82%) | 445 (62.32%) | 93 (62.84%) | 601 (57.35%) | 195 (56.85%) | |||
| Yes | 39,766 (26.30%) | 4946 (35.18%) | 269 (37.68%) | 55 (37.16%) | 447 (42.65%) | 148 (43.15%) | |||
| Diabetes | <0.001 | 0.790 | 0.989 | ||||||
| No | 143,202 (94.79%) | 12,632 (90.02%) | 612 (85.71%) | 125 (84.46%) | 951 (90.74%) | 312 (90.96%) | |||
| Yes | 7873 (5.21%) | 1401 (9.98%) | 102 (14.29%) | 23 (15.54%) | 97 (9.26%) | 31 (9.04%) | |||
Abbreviations: SiN, Speech in Noise; CABLE, Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and Lifestyle; ADNI, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; MH, Medical History; PE, Physical Exam; TDI, Townsend deprivation index (socioeconomic status); BMI, Body Mass Index.
Data was shown as mean (SD) for continuous variables, and was show as number (percentage) for categorical variables.
P values were analysed using Student's t test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables.
Participants in the UK Biobank were categorized as hearing impairment (Speech reception threshold [SRT]>-5.5 dB) and hearing normal (SRT ≤ −5.5 dB) based on hearing test (SiN).
Participants in the CABLE study were categorized as hearing impairment and hearing normal based on a questionnaire about hearing problem.
Participants in the ADNI database were categorized as hearing impairment and hearing normal based on the results in Medical History (MH) and Physical Exam (PE) datasets.
Education in UK biobank categorized as higher (college/university degree or other professional qualification) or lower (others).