Fig. 4.

Hierarchical clustering of 34 selected protein expression in urine and tissue level between GC and precancerous gastric lesion. Hierarchical analysis was conducted for the clustering of proteins. Among 43 urine DEPs significantly associated with risk of GC (P < 0.05 by logistic regression and VIP >1 in both discovery and validation sets), 34 proteins were detected in gastric tissue samples. The associations for GC compared with mild (SG/CAG) and advanced (IM/LGIN) gastric lesions are shown for the urine (discovery and validation set) and tissue expression of each protein respectively. Proteins positively associated with GC (OR > 1) are shown in red and proteins inversely associated with GC (OR < 1) are shown in green. Tissue proteins significantly associated with risk of GC are labeled with ∗. The four proteins highlighted in the current study (ANXA11, CDC42, NAPA and SLC25A4) are italicized. CAG, chronic atrophic gastritis; GC, gastric cancer; IM, intestinal metaplasia; LGIN, low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; SG, superficial gastritis.