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. 2022 Apr 25;36(11):952–959. doi: 10.1038/s41371-022-00698-6

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) resulting from kidney disease or the action of microbial urease and HIV infection in the gut contributes to microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. Microbes colonize atherosclerotic plaques enhancing progression of various atherosclerotic processes. Dysbiosis contributes to decreased bile formation that results in decreased cholesterol elimination and increased plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins. LEESE Lactobacillus, Esherichia, Enterococcus, Shigella, and Streptococcus, FREBS Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium rectale, Bacteroides fragilis, and Subdoligranulum.