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. 2022 Nov 10;12:19164. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23281-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Antibacterial activity of ceragenins (CSA-13, CSA-44 and CSA-131) against E. coli Xen14. Decrease of bacteria-derived luminescence signal upon 1 h treatment with tested ceragenins. Results are presented as mean ± SD from 3 replicates (A). Decrease of survival of E. coli Xen 14 planktonic bacteria when exposed to ceragenin CSA-13, CSA-44 and CSA-131 evaluated using the “killing assay” method. Results are presented as mean ± SD from 3 replicates (B). Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by E. coli Xen14 was evaluated by DFCH-DA fluorometric assay. Formation of ROS upon treatment with CSA-13, CSA-44, and CSA-131 at a concentration of 1–100 μg/mL was presented. Results are presented as mean ± SD from 3 replicates; *indicates statistical significance ≤ 0.05, ** ≤ 0.01, and *** ≤ 0.001 (C). Anti-biofilm properties of CSA-13 (D), CSA-44 (E), CSA-131 (F) against E. coli Xen14. Ability of ceragenins to prevent the biofilm formation of E. coli was measured using crystal violet staining upon 24 (grey bars), 48 (green bars) and 72 h (white bars). Results are presented as mean ± SD from 3 replicates. Dashed horizontal line indicate untreated control (0 µg/mL of ceragenins).