Table 2.
Results of univariate analysis of variance for each of age (in years) or cognitive groups as independent variable, and multivariable analysis with age and cognitive group as independent variables.
| Brain Regions | MSE – Mean (SD) | Univariate p-value (effect size or r2) |
Multivariable p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN | MCI | Cognitive group | Age | Cognitive group | Age | |
| Cerebellum - Cog 1 | 1.26 (0.30) | 1.00 (0.34) | 0.11 (0.82) | 0.02 (0.31)* | 0.40 | 0.03* |
| Cerebellum - Cog 2 | 1.26 (0.20) | 1.05 (0.48) | 0.24 (0.57) | <0.01 (0.42)** | 0.84 | 0.01* |
| Frontal - Cog 1 | 1.49 (0.10) | 1.14 (0.29) | 0.01 (1.57)* | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.03* | 0.15 |
| Frontal - Cog 2 | 1.51 (0.08) | 1.13 (0.45) | 0.01 (1.20)* | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.03* | 0.25 |
| Occipital - Cog 1 | 1.39 (0.22) | 1.00 (0.40) | 0.03 (1.23)* | <0.01 (0.46)** | 0.11 | 0.01* |
| Occipital - Cog 2 | 1.34 (0.10) | 1.04 (0.49) | 0.16 (0.85) | <0.01 (0.48)** | 0.60 | 0.01* |
| Parietal - Cog 1 | 1.50 (0.07) | 1.13 (0.35) | 0.01 (1.46)* | <0.01 (0.37)** | 0.04* | < 0.01* |
| Parietal - Cog 2 | 1.54 (0.24) | 1.17 (0.53) | 0.07 (0.91) | <0.01 (0.38)** | 0.29 | 0.01* |
| Temporal - Cog 1 | 1.48 (0.09) | 1.22 (0.27) | 0.02 (1.27)* | <0.01 (0.39)** | 0.10 | < 0.01* |
| Temporal - Cog 2 | 1.53 (0.15) | 1.23 (0.51) | 0.06 (0.80) | <0.01 (0.50)** | 0.27 | 0.01* |
| Neural Networks | MSE – Mean (SD) | Univariate p-value (effect size or r2) |
Multivariable p-value | |||
| CN | MCI | Cognitive group | Age | Cognitive group | Age | |
| Basal Ganglia - Cog 1 | 1.37 (0.19) | 0.97 (0.38) | 0.02 (1.33)* | 0.06 (0.22) | 0.07 | 0.05* |
| Basal Ganglia - Cog 2 | 1.38 (0.10) | 0.98 (0.51) | 0.05 (1.10)* | 0.03 (0.27)* | 0.16 | 0.11 |
| Default Mode - Cog 1 | 1.42 (0.15) | 1.03 (0.34) | 0.01 (1.44)* | <0.01 (0.40)** | 0.04* | 0.00* |
| Default Mode - Cog 2 | 1.42 (0.27) | 1.07 (0.42) | 0.06 (0.99) | 0.01 (0.36)* | 0.24 | 0.01* |
| Central Executive - Cog 1 | 1.47 (0.08) | 1.10 (0.33) | 0.01 (1.54)* | 0.08 (0.19) | 0.03* | 0.04* |
| Central Executive - Cog 2 | 1.50 (0.15) | 1.12 (0.45) | 0.02 (1.14)* | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.10 | 0.09 |
| Language - Cog 1 | 1.48 (0.12) | 1.17 (0.33) | 0.02 (1.25)* | <0.01 (0.38)** | 0.11 | 0.01* |
| Language - Cog 2 | 1.57 (0.08) | 1.19 (0.36) | 0.05 (1.47)* | <0.01 (0.43)** | 0.21 | 0.01* |
| Precuneus - Cog 1 | 1.40 (0.17) | 0.96 (0.41) | 0.01 (1.41)* | <0.01 (0.48)** | 0.05* | < 0.01 |
| Precuneus - Cog 2 | 1.34 (0.10) | 1.02 (0.52) | 0.17 (0.85) | <0.01 (0.54)** | 0.66 | < 0.01* |
| Salience - Cog 1 | 1.47 (0.15) | 1.05 (0.35) | 0.01 (1.56)* | 0.13 (0.14) | 0.03* | 0.09 |
| Salience - Cog 2 | 1.46 (0.23) | 1.04 (0.58) | 0.02 (0.96)* | 0.22 (0.10) | 0.08 | 0.17 |
| Sensorimotor - Cog 1 | 1.42 (0.14) | 1.09 (0.37) | 0.03 (1.16)* | 0.02 (0.33)* | 0.14 | 0.02* |
| Sensorimotor - Cog 2 | 1.42 (0.15) | 1.14 (0.44) | 0.17 (0.83) | <0.01 (0.49)** | 0.63 | 0.01* |
| Visual - Cog 1 | 1.37 (0.24) | 0.98 (0.39) | 0.03 (1.22)* | <0.01 (0.48)** | 0.12 | 0.01* |
| Visual - Cog 2 | 1.32 (0.10) | 1.02 (0.41) | 0.17 (1.00) | <0.01 (0.37)** | 0.62 | 0.01* |
| Visuospatial - Cog 1 | 1.53 (0.08) | 1.17 (0.36) | 0.01 (1.40)* | 0.11 (0.16) | 0.06 | 0.03* |
| Visuospatial - Cog 2 | 1.57 (0.24) | 1.18 (0.54) | 0.04 (0.93)* | 0.01 (0.34)* | 0.17 | 0.02* |
MSE: multiscale entropy, SD: standard deviation; CN: cognitively normal; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; Cog 1: counting down by ones; and Cog 2: counting down by threes.
A significant association is indicated with the asterisk (* for p<0.05 and ** for p<0.01).