Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Control subjects without HFpEF (n = 161) | HFpEF with normal NP (n = 157) | HFpEF with high NP (n = 263) | P-value for HFpEF with normal NP vs. controls | P-value for HFpEF with normal vs. high NP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54 ± 13 | 63 ± 11 | 71 ± 10 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Men/women* (%) | 45/55 | 43/57 | 40/60 | N/A | N/A |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.7 ± 5.2 | 35.3 ± 7.2 | 32.1 ± 7.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 65 ± 5 | 65 ± 5 | 64 ± 6 | N/A | N/A |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 63% | 92% | 95% | <0.001 | 0.232 |
| Diabetes | 13% | 27% | 28% | 0.002 | 0.823 |
| Obesity | 32% | 79% | 57% | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 18% | 30% | 35% | 0.013 | 0.288 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 5% | 20% | 16% | <0.001 | 0.727 |
| Persistent/permanent AF | 1% | 7% | 34% | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| COPD | 6% | 16% | 13% | 0.003 | 0.459 |
| Laboratory results | |||||
| NT-proBNP (ng/L)a | 73 (30–144) | 65 (37–109) | 790 (350–1506) | 0.863 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 13.3 ± 1.4 | 12.8 ± 1.7 | 0.202 | 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79 ± 20 | 72 ± 17 | 57 ± 19 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Medication use | |||||
| Renin–angiotensin system blocker | 26% | 45% | 48% | <0.001 | 0.462 |
| Beta blocker | 24% | 45% | 63% | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 22% | 54% | 70% | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Continuous H2FPEF score probability (%)a,b | 34 (16–48) | 80 (55–94) | 93 (77–98) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HFA-PEFF scorea,b | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–3) | 5 (3–6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
All three-group comparisons were first tested using ANOVA (or Kruskal–Wallis H test for non-parametric distributions); if the results of this test were not significant (indicated by an asterisk), no further between group testing was performed and individual group comparison P-values are indicated as N/A.
AF, atrial fibrillation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NP, natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP, N-terminal of the pro-hormone B-type natriuretic peptide.
a
Reported as median (interquartile range).