Table 3.
Invasive haemodynamic assessment at rest and during exercise
| Control subjects without HFpEF (n = 161) | HFpEF with normal NP (n = 157) | HFpEF with high NP (n = 263) | P-value for HFpEF with normal NP vs. controls | P-value for HFpEF with normal vs. high NP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rest | |||||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 74 ± 13 | 71 ± 12 | 70 ± 12 | 0.083 | 0.782 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 23 | 148 ± 23 | 146 ± 25 | <0.001 | 0.740 |
| Right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 5 ± 2 | 10 ± 4 | 11 ± 5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 26 ± 6 | 37 ± 9 | 46 ± 16 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 16 ± 3 | 25 ± 6 | 30 ± 10 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (mmHg) | 9 ± 3 | 16 ± 5 | 18 ± 6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular transmural pressure (mmHg) | 4 ± 2 | 6 ± 4 | 7 ± 5 | <0.001 | 0.059 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 5.70 ± 1.65 | 5.60 ± 1.63 | 4.77 ± 1.52 | 0.851 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.93 ± 0.80 | 2.57 ± 0.66 | 2.34 ± 0.65 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 40.4 ± 10.4 | 36.8 ± 8.9 | 34.2 ± 10.5 | 0.004 | 0.036 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (dynes.s.cm–5) | 1318 ± 379 | 1412 ± 430 | 1590 ± 583 | 0.210 | 0.001 |
| Total arterial compliance (mL/mmHg) | 1.26 (0.97–1.60) | 1.16 (0.84–1.40) | 0.89 (0.67–1.22) | 0.022 | <0.001 |
| Effective arterial elastance (mmHg/mL) | 1.66 ± 0.56 | 1.77 ± 0.55 | 2.12 ± 0.87 | 0.333 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (WU) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 2.5 (1.5–3.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary arterial compliance (mL/mmHg) | 5.18 ± 2.04 | 4.27 ± 1.83 | 3.02 ± 1.59 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Peak exercise | |||||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 119 ± 23 | 106 ± 18 | 98 ± 22 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 170 ± 33 | 186 ± 28 | 173 ± 35 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 7 ± 4 | 18 ± 7 | 22 ± 8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 39 ± 9 | 62 ± 14 | 70 ± 17 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 25 ± 6 | 44 ± 10 | 49 ± 11 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (mmHg) | 15 ± 5 | 31 ± 6 | 32 ± 6 | <0.001 | 0.545 |
| Left ventricular transmural pressure (mmHg) | 7 ± 4 | 14 ± 6 | 10 ± 8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Arterial oxygen saturation (%) | 97 (95–98) | 96 (94–97) | 95 (92–97) | <0.001 | 0.008 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 11.5 ± 3.29 | 10.5 ± 3.28 | 7.53 ± 2.57 | 0.011 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 5.87 ± 1.59 | 4.81 ± 1.39 | 3.71 ± 1.19 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 49.6 ± 12.7 | 45.4 ± 12.6 | 38.8 ± 13.0 | 0.014 | <0.001 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (dynes.s.cm–5) | 759 ± 263 | 882 ± 342 | 1024 ± 397 | 0.029 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (WU) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) | 0.010 | <0.001 |
All three-group comparisons were first tested using ANOVA (or Kruskal–Wallis H test for non-parametric distributions); if the results of this test were not significant (indicated by an asterisk), no further between group testing was performed and individual group comparison P-values are indicated as N/A.
HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal of the pro-hormone B-type natriuretic peptide.