Table 1. List of in vivo preclinical phototherapy efficacy studies.

GBM model	Photoabsorbing agent (PTA)		Functions and notes	Administration route	Tumor size at treatment	Laser condition			Cell line	Reference
						Wavelength (nm)	Laser power (W/cm2)	Exposure time (min)
Subcutaneous	Gold-based NP
		64Cu-RGD-AuNR	AT; CT	iv	100 mm3	808	1	10	U87MG	[17]
		RGD-AuNSt	AT; PAI	iv, multiple	8–12 mm	790	1	10	U87MG	[18]
		RVG29-SiO2-PEG-AuNR	AT	iv	200–300 mm3	808	1.5	5	N2a neuroblastoma	[19]
		PPDI-PEG-AuNP	PAI	iv	70 mm3	808	0.3	5	U87MG	[20]
		pDNA-loaded AuNR-Fe3O4NS	PAI; CT; MRI; gene therapy	it, multiple	150 mm3	808	2	5	C6	[21]
		ANG-Au-PLGA-DTX NPs	AT; CT; chemo	it, multiple	100 mm3	808	1.5	1.5	U87MG	[22]
		C225-Au-MNP	AT; MFH	pt, multiple	5 mm	635	0.3	30	U251	[23]
	Carbon-based NP
		PNG-RGD	AT; FI	it	6 mm	808	2.5	5	U87MG	[24]
		rGONM-PEG-Cy7-RGD	AT; FI	iv	50 mm3	808	0.1	7	U87MG	[25]
		C225-EPI-PEG-NGO	AT; FI; chemo	iv	N/A	808	2	2	U87MG	[26]
Orthotopic	Gold-based NP
		Ma-AuNS	Optical laser fiber into the brain	it		810	N/A	10	C6	[27]
		cRGD-PEG-HAuNS	AT; PAI; MRTI maps, Tmax: 58℃	iv		808	16	3	U87MG-Luc	[28]
		VEGF-AuNS	AT; cranial glass window	iv		808	3	6	U373 GBM	[29]
	Hybrid NP
		OMCN–PEG–Pep22/doxycycline	AT; chemo; skull bone removal; thermal imager, Tmax: 55℃	iv, multiple		808	N/A	5	C6	[30]
		BLIPO-ICG	AT; FI; scalp removal; IR thermal imaging; Tmax: 48℃	iv		808	1	5	C6-Luc	[31]

GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; PTA, photothermal agent; N/A, not applicable; AT, active targeting; chemo, chemotherapy; FI, fluorescence imaging; CT, X-ray computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MFH, magnetic fluid hyperthermia; PAI, photoacoustic imaging; iv, intravenous; it, intratumoral; pt, peritumoral; PEG, polyethylene glycol;NP, nanoparticles; AuNR, gold nanorods; RGD, arginine–glycine–aspartic acid peptide; AuNS, Au@SiO₂ nanoshells; AuNSt, gold nanostars; RVG29, 29-residue peptide rabies virus glycoprotein; PPDI, poly(perylene diimide); Cy7, cyanine 7; PNG, porphyrin immobilized nanographene oxide; pDNA, plasmid DNA; Fe₃O₄NS, Fe₃O₄ nanospheres; PLGA, poly(lactide-coglycolide); ANG, angiopep-2 peptide; Au-MNP, core-shell Fe₃O₄@Au magnetic nanoparticles; MNP, Fe@Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles; DTX, docetaxel