Table 2.

The role of cytokines in schistosoma-associated liver fibrosis.

Cytokines	Sources	Receptor	Effects	Reference
IL-17	γδT cells, Th17, NKT	IL-17 Receptor	Induced Inflammation and migration of neutrophils	Webster et al., 2014; Zheng et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2020
IL-33	cell nucleus	ST-2	Induced of macrophage M2 polarization and recruitment of ILC2s	Li et al., 2019; He et al., 2018b
TGF-β	Macrophages, hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes	TGF-β Receptor	Promote activation of HSCs and expression of fibrosis-related genes	Li Y. Q. et al., 2017; Wang S. et al., 2020; Chen B. L. et al., 2013
IL-13	Hepatic parenchymal and immune cells	IL-4α, IL-13Rα, IL13Rα2	Induced expression of fibrosis-associated genes in HSCs	Chiaramonte et al., 2003; Figueiredo et al., 2016

ILC2s, Group 2 innate lymphoid cells; HSCs, hepatic stellate cells.