Table 3.
Acupuncture modulates angiogenesis.
| Subjects | Acupoint | Method | Frequency intensity | Duration | Treatment course | CBF detection technology | Effects of acupuncture | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with cerebral infarction | ST36/37, PC5, and PC6 on the left side | EA | 2 Hz | 20 min | Only once | - | ECs number ↑, VEGF ↑ | (40) |
| MCAO rats | LI4, PC3, PC6, LI11 | EA | 20 Hz, 2–4 V | 30 min | 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after MCAO | - | VEGF ↑, microvascular number ↑ | (41) |
| MCAO rats | GV20, GV26, ST36 | EA | 2/15 Hz, 1 mA | 30 min | Once daily for 1, 2, 4, or 8 days | - | VEGF mRNA↑ | (42) |
| MCAO rats | LI4 | EA | 40/60 Hz, 1.5 V | 15 min | 7 days | - | VEGF, Ang-1 ↑, Endostatin ↓ | (46) |
| MCAO rats | GV26 | EA | 15 Hz, 0.1 mA | 20 min | 3, 6, 12, 24 h 3, 7, 12 d | - | Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie-2 ↑ | (47) |
| MCAO rats | GV20, GV26, PC6 | EA | 2/20 Hz, 3–5 V | 20 min | 14 days | LDF | VEGF, VEGFR2, bFGF ↑ | (49) |
| MCAO rats | GV20, GV26, PC6 | EA | 2/20 Hz, 3–5 V | 20 min | 14 days | - | VEGF, bFGF ↑ | (57) |
| MCAO rats | GV26 | EA | 15 Hz, 0.1 mA | 20 min | one time per day in 2, 3, 7, and 12 day | LDF | ECs number ↑, CBF in the ischemic boundary region ↑ | (39) |
| MCAO rats | GV26, PC6 | EA | 2 Hz, 3 mA | 1 min | 1, 2, or 3 weeks | LDF | alter miRNA, CBF ↑ | (43) |
| MCAO rats | GV26 | EA | 15 Hz, 1 mA | 5 min | Only once | LDF | CBF on the infarct and non-infarct sides ↑, number of blood vessels ↑ | (58) |
| MCAO rats | GV20 | EA | 3–15 Hz 2–4 mA | 30 min | 21 days | LDF | VEGF, FLK1, bFGF, Ang2↑, Wnt3a, β-catenin, cyclin D1↑ | (50) |
| Embolic stroke rats | GV26, PC6 | MA | Twist 1 min | 30 min | Only once | - | VEGF, bFGF↑ endostatin↓ | (51) |
| MCAO rats | GV4, GV9, GV14, GV20, GV26 | EA | 15 Hz | 30 min | 7 days | - | EphB4, EphrinB, Src, PI3K↑ | (52) |
| MCAO rats | GV20, LI4, LR3 | EA | 2/20 Hz, 1 mA | 30 min | 7 days | - | SDF-1α ↑ | (38) |
| MCAO rats | GV20, ST36 | EA | 40 Hz, 1–2 mA | 20 min | 14 days | - | SDF-1α ↑ | (54) |
| MCAO rats | GV26 | EA | 15 Hz, 2 mA | 20 min | 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 24 h after MCAO; Once daily for 3, 7, or 12 days after MCAO | - | Apelin-APJ ↑ | (56) |
CBF, cerebral blood flow; EA, electroacupuncture; ECs, endothelial cells; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; Ang-1, Angiopoietin-1; LDF, laser Doppler flowmetry; VEGFR-2, VEGF receptor-2; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3 kinase; SDF-1α, stromal cell-derived factor-1 α; ST36, Zusanli; ST37, Shangjuxu; PC5, Jianshi; PC6, Neiguan; LI4, Hegu; PC3, Quze; LI11, Quchi; GV20, Baihui; GV26, Shuigou; GV4, Mingmen; GV9, Zhiyang; GV14, Dazhui; LR3, Taichong; ↑, upregulation; ↓, downregulation.