Figure 2.

Bispecific antibodies exert anti-tumor effects in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In the complex tumor microenvironment, activated fibroblasts communicate with tumor cells, various inflammatory cells as well as stroma cells via secreting growth factors (TGFβ, VEGF, etc.) and other chemokines to provide potentially oncogenic signals and interact with the microvasculature, which induces an accelerated oncogenic extracellular-matrix microenvironment. BsAbs, aiming at blocking the interacting mechanism, transform the “cold” immune environment into the “hot” immune environment.