Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients in the Overall Cohort Before and After Propensity Score Matching
| Variable | Before matching |
After matching |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warfarin (n=46,519) | NOACs (n=187,687) | Standardized mean difference | Warfarin (n = 39,764) | NOACs (n = 39,764) | Standardized mean difference | ||
| Male sex | 27,415 (58.9) | 73,275 (39.0) | 0.406 | 21,998 (55.3) | 23,067 (58.0) | 0.040 | |
| Age (yr) | 64.3 ± 14.9 | 70.7 ± 10.8 | 0.490 | 65.5 ± 14.6 | 66.5 ± 13.3 | 0.058 | |
| Index disease | |||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 17,445 (37.5) | 80,993 (43.2) | 0.115 | 16,738 (42.1) | 19,108 (48.1) | 0.120 | |
| Pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis | 4,183 (9.0) | 22,029 (11.7) | 0.090 | 4,060 (10.2) | 4,947 (12.4) | 0.070 | |
| Valvular heart | 2,272 (4.9) | 3,248 (1.7) | 0.177 | 1,297 (3.3) | 1,276 (3.2) | 0.003 | |
| Others | 22,619 (48.6) | 81,417 (43.4) | 0.107 | 18,742 (47.1) | 15,713 (39.5) | 0.154 | |
| CCI score | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 2.4 ± 2.3 | 0.118 | 2.6 ± 2.5 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 0.015 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 2,329 (5.0) | 4,950 (2.6) | 0.124 | 1,715 (4.3) | 1,615 (4.1) | 0.013 | |
| Heart failure | 11,594 (24.9) | 34,200 (18.2) | 0.163 | 9,327 (23.5) | 9,320 (23.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Peripheral artery disease | 4,466 (9.6) | 10,916 (5.8) | 0.142 | 3,155 (7.9) | 2,896 (7.3) | 0.025 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8,993 (19.3) | 33,621 (17.9) | 0.036 | 7,783 (19.6) | 7,784 (19.8) | 0.006 | |
| Dementia | 4,555 (9.8) | 19,990 (10.7) | 0.028 | 4,173 (10.5) | 4,425 (11.1) | 0.020 | |
| COPD | 14,325 (30.8) | 58,755 (31.3) | 0.011 | 12,384 (31.1) | 12,557 (31.6) | 0.009 | |
| Connective tissue disease | 1,703 (3.7) | 13,008 (6.9) | 0.146 | 1,607 (4.0) | 1,368 (3.4) | 0.032 | |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 9,407 (20.2) | 45,989 (24.5) | 0.103 | 8,324 (20.9) | 8,171 (20.5) | 0.009 | |
| DM without chronic complications | 13,480 (29.8) | 58,858 (31.4) | 0.035 | 11,758 (29.6) | 11,560 (29.1) | 0.011 | |
| DM with chronic complications | 6,058 (13.0) | 19,521 (10.4) | 0.082 | 4,656 (11.7) | 4,311 (10.8) | 0.027 | |
| Paraplegia | 1,750 (3.8) | 4,009 (2.1) | 0.096 | 1,484 (3.7) | 1,671 (4.2) | 0.024 | |
| Mild liver disease | 11,193 (24.1) | 44,372 (23.6) | 0.010 | 9,528 (24.0) | 9,614 (24.2) | 0.005 | |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 431 (0.9) | 578 (0.3) | 0.079 | 303 (0.8) | 304 (0.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Moderate or severe renal disease | 5,133 (11.0) | 5,448 (2.9) | 0.324 | 3,050 (7.7) | 3,040 (7.6) | 0.001 | |
| Non-metastatic cancer or hematologic malignancy | 5,059 (10.9) | 20,346 (10.8) | 0.001 | 4,534 (11.4) | 5,272 (13.3) | 0.056 | |
| Metastatic cancer | 1,149 (2.5) | 5,208 (2.8) | 0.019 | 1,114 (2.8) | 1,245 (3.1) | 0.019 | |
| Immune-mediated disease | 18 (0.0) | 39 (0.0) | 0.010 | 12 (0.0) | 10 (0.0) | 0.003 | |
| Medications | |||||||
| Aspirin | 2,792 (6.0) | 12,109 (6.5) | 0.019 | 2,444 (6.1) | 2,291 (5.8) | 0.016 | |
| Clopidogrel | 1,161 (2.5) | 4,219 (2.2) | 0.016 | 975 (2.5) | 903 (2.3) | 0.012 | |
| Ticagrelor | 20 (0.0) | 43 (0.0) | 0.011 | 13 (0.0) | 12 (0.0) | 0.001 | |
| Prasugrel | 10 (0.0) | 23 (0.0) | 0.007 | 9 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) | 0.003 | |
| NSAIDs | 33,391 (71.8) | 157,858 (84.1) | 0.301 | 29,338 (73.8) | 28,773 (72.4) | 0.032 | |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 26,158 (56.2) | 108,720 (57.9) | 0.034 | 22,060 (55.5) | 21,799 (54.8) | 0.013 | |
| Heparin | 24,069 (51.7) | 31,230 (16.6) | 0.797 | 17,483 (44.0) | 17,515 (44.0) | 0.002 | |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
NOACs, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.