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. 2022 Oct 28;13:1001956. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001956

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Copyright © 2022 Ogbechi, Huang, Clanchy, Pantazi, Topping, Darlington, Williams and Stone

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of iron on PQS activity. Inhibition of the release of IFN-γ (A) and IL-17A (B) in murine T cells by PQS was prevented by FeSO4, which alone did not affect cytokine release. Iron reversed the inhibition by PQS of the in vitro differentiation of (C) CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs, (D) CD4+IFN-γ+ Th1 cells, and (E) CD4+IL-17+ Th17 cells; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ****P<0.001 relative to DMSO; +P<0.05, ++P<0.1 for PQS and iron relative to PQS alone (n = 3). (F) GABA and 2,5-dimethyl-furanone had no effect on IL-17A production, and did not prevent the effect of PQS. (G) In HEK293 cells over-expressing IDO1, PQS reduced kynurenine in the culture medium with no loss of viability using the MTT assay (H).