Table 1.
Characteristics of 24 studies included in the review.
| No. | Author and year | Country | Study design | No. of participants recruited / at follow up | Intervention | Length of follow p | Clinical indicators/ outcomes measured | Results | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theoretical basis | Mode of delivery | Provider | Setting | Components | Duration | ||||||||
| 1 | Glasgow et al. (33) | USA | RCT* | 886/733 | NR*** | Face to Face | Physician | Hospital | Educational behavioral | 06 months | 12 months | HbA1c Foot Care |
Significant improvement in HbA1c and Foot Care in experimental group. |
| 2 | Tayler et al. (34) | Canada | RCT | 40/39 | Supportive care model | Face to face | Nurse physician | Community | Educational behavioral | 03 months | 04 months | HbA1c | Small but non-significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group. |
| 3 | Scain et al. (35) | Brazil | RCT | 104/104 | NR | Face to face | Nurse | Hospital | Educational | 04 weeks | 12 MONTHS | HbA1c Weight | Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group. Weight improved significantly, and similarly, in both groups. |
| 4 | Sacco et al. (36) | USA | RCT | 62/48 | NR | Telephone | Psychologist | Community | Educational | 06 months | 06 months | HbA1c Diet Exercise Foot care |
Non-significant improvement in HbA1c. Significant improvement in diet, exercise and foot care in experimental group. |
| 5 | Carter et al. (37) | USA | RCT | 74/47 | NR | Online | Nurse | Community | Educational Behavioral | NR | 09 Months | HbA1c BMI | Significant improvement in: HbA1c, BMI in experimental group. |
| 6 | Forjuoh et al. (38) | USA | RCT | 376/263 | NR | Face to face and online | Physician | Hospital and community | Educational Behavioral | 06 weeks | 12 months | HbA1c BMI Foot care | Non-significant improvement in HbA1c, BMI, foot care in experimental group. |
| 7 | Yuan et al. (39) | China | RCT | 88/76 | NR | Face to face | Nutritionist | Community | Educational | 08 weeks | 03 months | HbA1c Weight | Significant improvement in HbA1c and body weight in the experimental group |
| 8 | Escamilla et al. (40) | USA | RCT | 211/148 | NR | Face to face | Community health workers | Community | Educational Behavioral | 12 months | 18 Months | HbA1c Weight | Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group. Non-significant improvement in weight. |
| 9 | Ebrahimi et al. (41) | Iran | RCT | 106/103 | Empowerment Model | Face to face | Nurse endocrinologist nutritionist | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 08 weeks | 03 months | HbA1c | Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group. |
| 10 | Jutterström et al. (42) | Sweden | RCT | 195/171 | Hernandez theory of integration | Face to face | Nurse | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 06 months | 12 months | HbA1c BMI | Significant improvement in HbA1c and BMI in experimental group. |
| 11 | Windrum. et al. (43) | UK | RCT | 203/203 | NR | Face to face | Physician | Hospital | Educational | 03 weeks | 12 months | HbA1c | Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group |
| 12 | Azami et al. (44) | Iran | RCT | 142/136 | Social Cognitive Theory | Face to face | Nurse | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 12 weeks | 06 months | HbA1c Weight | Significant improvement in HbA1c and body weight in experimental group. |
| 13 | Abraham et al. (45) | India | RCT | 80/41 | NR | Face to face and telephone | Physician | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 08 weeks | 03 months | HbA1c | Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group. |
| 14 | Cheng et al. (46) | China | RCT | 242/201 | Empowerment Model | Face to face | Nurse | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 06 weeks | 05 months | HbA1c Diet Control | Non-significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group. Significant improvement in diet control. |
| 15 | Zheng et al. (47) | China | RCT | 60/60 | NR | Face to face | Physician | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 02 weeks | 03 months | HbA1c | Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group. |
| 16 | Ing et al. (48) | USA | RCT | 65/38 | NR | Face to face | Physician Certified diabetes educator Community worker Pharmacist | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 03 months | 06 months | HbA1c Diet control Physical activity Foot care | Significant improvement in HbA1c, diet control, physical activity, and foot care in experimental group |
| 17 | Varming et al. (49) | Denmark | RCT | 154/97 | NR | Face to face | Nurse | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 03 months | 06 months | HbA1c Diet control Physical activity Foot care Medication adherence | Non-significant improvement in HbA1c, diet control, physical activity, foot care and medication adherence. |
| 18 | Spencer et al. (50) | Canada | RCT | 222/147 | Empowerment Model | Face to face | CHW | Community | Educational Behavioral | 06 months | 18 months | HbA1c | Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group |
| 19 | Omer et al. (51) | UAE | RCT | 218/164 | NR | Online via WhatsApp | Pharmacist | Community | Educational | 06 Months | 06 Months | HbA1c | Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group |
| 20 | Hailu et al. (52) | Ethiopia | RCT | 220/142 | NR | Face to face | Nurse | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 06 months | 09 months | Diet Control Physical activity Foot care | Significant improvement in diet control, physical activity, and foot care in intervention group |
| 21 | Utz et al. (53) | USA | QES** | 22/21 | Social Cognitive Theory | Face to Face | Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE) | Community | Educational Behavioral | 08 weeks | 06 months | HbA1c Diet Exercise Foot care Medication Adherence |
Significant improvement in HbA1c in experimental group. Non-significant improvement in Diet, exercise, foot care and medication adherence. |
| 22 | Gavgani et al. (54) | Iran | QES | 32/30 | Information Motivation and Behavioral skill Model | Face to face | Physician | Hospital | Educational Behavioral | 02 weeks | 02 months | HbA1c Diet Exercise Foot care |
Significant improvement in HbA1c, Diet, exercise in experimental group. Foot care was more than the control group but not statistically significant. |
| 23 | Fardazar et al. (55) | Iran | QES | 180/180 | attribution theory | Face to face | Physician | Hospital | Educational | NR | 03 months | Diet, Physical activity, Foot care |
Significant improvement in diet, physical activity and foot care in experimental group. |
| 24 | Guner et al. (56) | Turkey | QES | 101/101 | NR | Face to face and Telephone | Nurse Physician | Community | Educational Behavioral | 06 months | 06 months | HbA1c BMI | Significant improvement in HbA1c and BMI in experimental group. |
*Randomized controlled trial; **quasi-experimental study; ***not reported.