Table 1.

Variable lists

Independent variables		Coding
Householders’ characteristics	Gender	0: Male; 1: Female
	Elderly	0: No; 1: Yes (65+)
	Education level	0: Middle school or less; 1: High school or more
	Presence of a spouse	0: No; 1: Yes
	Economically active	0: No; 1: Yes
Households’ characteristics	Living alone	0: No; 1: Yes
	Equivalized income	1: 1st quintile (the poorest); 2: 2nd quintile; 3: 3rd quintile; 4: 4th quintile; 5: 5th quintile (the richest)
	Private health insurance	0: No, 1: Yes
	National health insurance	0: No (Medical aid beneficiaries); 1: Yes
	Presence of disabled persons	0: No; 1: Yes
	Presence of persons with any of four serious diseases (= treatment)	0: No (Control group); 1: Yes (Treatment group)
Dependent variables		Coding
Indicator types of CHE	Incidence	if OOP/HI > 0.1, 1; otherwise, 0
	Intensity	OOP/HI − 0.1

CHE is catastrophic health expenditure; OOP is out-of-pocket payment; HI is household’s income