Table 3.

Analyses of standardized mean differences between the expert, intermediate, and novice groups.

Variable	No. of studies	Expert group vs. intermediate group				Intermediate group vs. novice group
		SMD (95% CI)	P value	I2 (P)		SMD (95% CI)	P value	I2 (P)
Accuracy
Overall	7	1.10 [0.63; 1.58]	p < 0.05	0.85 (p < 0.05)		1.37 [1.11; 1.63]	p < 0.05	0.72 (p < 0.05)
Subgroup: Type of sport
Fencing	2	0.29 [−0.33; 0.90]	p = 0.36	0.00 (p = 0.72)		−0.03 [-0.59; 0.53]	p = 0.93	0.00 (p = 0.47)
Karate	2	3.65 [0.71; 6.59]	p < 0.05	0.92 (p < 0.05)		2.96 [1.16; 4.76]	p < 0.05	0.85 (p < 0.05)
Boxing	1	−0.94 [−2.36; 0.47]	p = 0.19	0.86 (p < 0.05)		1.55 [0.57; 2.52]	p < 0.05	0.72 (p < 0.05)
Taekwondo	2	1.28 [1.02; 1.53]	p < 0.05	0.73 (p < 0.05)		1.36 [1.16; 1.57]	p < 0.05	0.58 (p < 0.05)
Subgroup: Type of stimulus
Static	4	0.25 [−0.41; 0.91]	p = 0.46	0.86 (p < 0.05)		1.13 [0.79; 1.46]	p < 0.05	0.63 (p < 0.05)
Dynamic	4	1.58 [1.18; 1.98]	p < 0.05	0.79 (p < 0.05)		1.58 [1.19; 1.96]	p < 0.05	0.76 (p < 0.05)
Reaction time
Overall	9	−0.34 [−0.49; −0.18]	p < 0.05	0.53 (p < 0.05)		−0.43 [-0.56;−0.31]	p < 0.05	0.37 (p < 0.05)
Subgroup: Type of sport
Fencing	4	−0.37 [−0.63; −0.10]	p < 0.05	0.41 (p < 0.05)		−0.52 [-0.73;−0.31]	p < 0.05	0.29 (p = 0.12)
Karate	1	−1.12 [−1.89; −0.35]	p < 0.05	–		−0.09 [-0.82; 0.64]	p = 0.81	-
Boxing	1	−0.27 [−1.41; 0.87]	p = 0.64	–		0.50 [-0.66; 1.66]	p = 0.40	-
Taekwondo	3	−0.29 [−0.49; −0.10]	p < 0.05	0.63 (p < 0.05)		−0.41 [-0.57;−0.25]	p < 0.05	0.44 (p < 0.05)
Subgroup: Type of stimulus
Static	6	−0.40 [−0.56; −0.24]	p < 0.05	0.26 (p = 0.11)		−0.47 [-0.65;−0.29]	p < 0.05	0.47 (p < 0.05)
Dynamic	4	−0.22 [−0.52; 0.07]	p = 0.14	0.73 (p < 0.05)		−0.40 [-0.56;−0.25]	p < 0.05	0.12 (p = 0.32)