Table 2.
Index and time point | Group | Cohen's d | Repeated-measures ANOVA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control(n = 32) | BDJ (n = 34) | AT (n = 32) | BDJ versus Control | AT versus Control | BDJ versus AT | Group × Time | Time | Group | |
FPG, mmol/L | |||||||||
T0 | 6.13 ± 0.64 | 5.97 ± 0.56 | 5.91 ± 0.68 | − 0.27 | − 0.33 | 0.10 | |||
T3 | 6.24 ± 0.41 | 5.83 ± 0.46 | 5.71 ± 0.62 | − 0.94# | − 1.01# | 0.22 | |||
T6 | 6.35 ± 0.37 | 5.63 ± 0.51 | 5.51 ± 0.61 | − 1.61# | − 1.67# | 0.21 | |||
T12 | 6.49 ± 0.56 | 5.56 ± 0.66 | 5.41 ± 0.60 | − 1.52# | − 1.86# | 0.24 | |||
T3 versus T0 | 0.11(− 0.03, 0.25) | − 0.14(− 0.28, − 0.001)* | − 0.20(− 0.35, − 0.6)* | F | 15.860 | 4.546 | 17.798 | ||
T6 versus T0 | 0.22(0.040, 0.4)* | − 0.34(− 0.51, − 0.17)# | − 0.40(− 0.58, − 0.22)# | p | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | ||
T12 versus T0 | 0.36(0.16, 0.55)# | − 0.41(− 0.60, − 0.22)# | − 0.50(− 0.69, − 0.30)# | η2p | 0.336 | 0.128 | 0.273 | ||
2-hPG,mmol/L | |||||||||
T0 | 8.67 ± 0.95 | 8.46 ± 1.08 | 8.45 ± 1.36 | − 0.21 | − 0.19 | 0.01 | |||
T3 | 8.76 ± 0.97 | 8.12 ± 0.92 | 8.17 ± 0.99 | − 0.68* | − 0.61* | − 0.04 | |||
T6 | 8.90 ± 1.09 | 7.87 ± 1.07 | 7.63 ± 0.93 | − 0.95# | − 1.25# | 0.24 | |||
T12 | 9.15 ± 1.08 | 7.70 ± 1.23 | 7.68 ± 0.88 | − 1.25# | − 1.49# | 0.02 | |||
T3 versus T0 | 0.10(− 0.20, 0.40) | − 0.34(− 0.63, − 0.05)* | − 0.28(− 0.58, 0.02) | F | 11.075 | 7.109 | 10.172 | ||
T6 versus T0 | 0.23(− 0.08, 0.55) | − 0.58(− 0.89, − 0.28)# | − 0.81(− 1.13, − 0.50)# | p | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
T12 versus T0 | 0.48(0.10, 0.87)* | − 0.76(− 1.14, − 0.39)# | − 0.77(− 1.16, − 0.38)# | η2p | 0.261 | 0.165 | 0.176 | ||
HbA1c, % | |||||||||
T0 | 6.11 ± 0.51 | 5.97 ± 0.40 | 5.87 ± 0.61 | − 0.31 | − 0.43 | 0.20 | |||
T3 | 6.14 ± 0.45 | 5.93 ± 0.38 | 5.66 ± 0.63 | − 0.51 | − 0.88# | 0.52* | |||
T6 | 6.24 ± 0.49 | 5.79 ± 0.37 | 5.59 ± 0.53 | − 1.04# | − 1.27# | 0.44 | |||
T12 | 6.29 ± 0.47 b | 5.70 ± 0.42 | 5.43 ± 0.61 | − 1.33# | − 1.58# | 0.52* | |||
T3 versus T0 | 0.03(− 0.10, 0.16) | − 0.04(− 0.17, 0.08) | − 0.21(− 0.34, − 0.08)* | F | 13.392 | 5.718 | 13.185 | ||
T6 versus T0 | 0.14(− 0.02, 0.29) | − 0.18(− 0.32, − 0.03)* | − 0.28(− 0.43, − 0.13)# | p | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
T12 versus T0 | 0.18(− 0.03, 0.34)* | − 0.27(− 0.42, − 0.12)# | − 0.43(− 0.59, − 0.28)# | η2p | 0.299 | 0.156 | 0.217 |
BDJ, Baduanjin; AT, aerobic training; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2-hPG, 2-h plasma glucose; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; η2p, partial eta-squared; T0, baseline; T3, at 3 months; T6, at 6 months; T12, at 12 months; *, significant difference at p < 0.05; #, significant difference at p < 0.001.