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. 2022 Nov 11;12:19338. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22896-5

Table 2.

Effects of interventions on blood glucose indicators among the three groups [mean ± SD or mean difference (95% CI)].

Index and time point Group Cohen's d Repeated-measures ANOVA
Control(n = 32) BDJ (n = 34) AT (n = 32) BDJ versus Control AT versus Control BDJ versus AT Group × Time Time Group
FPG, mmol/L
T0 6.13 ± 0.64 5.97 ± 0.56 5.91 ± 0.68 − 0.27 − 0.33 0.10
T3 6.24 ± 0.41 5.83 ± 0.46 5.71 ± 0.62 − 0.94# − 1.01# 0.22
T6 6.35 ± 0.37 5.63 ± 0.51 5.51 ± 0.61 − 1.61# − 1.67# 0.21
T12 6.49 ± 0.56 5.56 ± 0.66 5.41 ± 0.60 − 1.52# − 1.86# 0.24
T3 versus T0 0.11(− 0.03, 0.25) − 0.14(− 0.28, − 0.001)* − 0.20(− 0.35, − 0.6)* F 15.860 4.546 17.798
T6 versus T0 0.22(0.040, 0.4)* − 0.34(− 0.51, − 0.17)# − 0.40(− 0.58, − 0.22)# p 0.001 0.005 0.001
T12 versus T0 0.36(0.16, 0.55)# − 0.41(− 0.60, − 0.22)# − 0.50(− 0.69, − 0.30)# η2p 0.336 0.128 0.273
2-hPG,mmol/L
T0 8.67 ± 0.95 8.46 ± 1.08 8.45 ± 1.36 − 0.21 − 0.19 0.01
T3 8.76 ± 0.97 8.12 ± 0.92 8.17 ± 0.99 − 0.68* − 0.61* − 0.04
T6 8.90 ± 1.09 7.87 ± 1.07 7.63 ± 0.93 − 0.95# − 1.25# 0.24
T12 9.15 ± 1.08 7.70 ± 1.23 7.68 ± 0.88 − 1.25# − 1.49# 0.02
T3 versus T0 0.10(− 0.20, 0.40) − 0.34(− 0.63, − 0.05)* − 0.28(− 0.58, 0.02) F 11.075 7.109 10.172
T6 versus T0 0.23(− 0.08, 0.55) − 0.58(− 0.89, − 0.28)# − 0.81(− 1.13, − 0.50)# p  < 0.001 0.001  < 0.001
T12 versus T0 0.48(0.10, 0.87)* − 0.76(− 1.14, − 0.39)# − 0.77(− 1.16, − 0.38)# η2p 0.261 0.165 0.176
HbA1c, %
T0 6.11 ± 0.51 5.97 ± 0.40 5.87 ± 0.61 − 0.31 − 0.43 0.20
T3 6.14 ± 0.45 5.93 ± 0.38 5.66 ± 0.63 − 0.51 − 0.88# 0.52*
T6 6.24 ± 0.49 5.79 ± 0.37 5.59 ± 0.53 − 1.04# − 1.27# 0.44
T12 6.29 ± 0.47 b 5.70 ± 0.42 5.43 ± 0.61 − 1.33# − 1.58# 0.52*
T3 versus T0 0.03(− 0.10, 0.16) − 0.04(− 0.17, 0.08) − 0.21(− 0.34, − 0.08)* F 13.392 5.718 13.185
T6 versus T0 0.14(− 0.02, 0.29) − 0.18(− 0.32, − 0.03)* − 0.28(− 0.43, − 0.13)# p < 0.001 0.001 < 0.001
T12 versus T0 0.18(− 0.03, 0.34)* − 0.27(− 0.42, − 0.12)# − 0.43(− 0.59, − 0.28)# η2p 0.299 0.156 0.217

BDJ, Baduanjin; AT, aerobic training; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2-hPG, 2-h plasma glucose; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; η2p, partial eta-squared; T0, baseline; T3, at 3 months; T6, at 6 months; T12, at 12 months; *, significant difference at p < 0.05; #, significant difference at p < 0.001.