Table 3.
Effects of exercise on cognition by a fixed effects linear regression analysis of panel data obtained from 2010 to 2018 KLoSA.
| Independent variables | Dependent variable: MMSE score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | t | p | [95% confidence interval] | |||
| Age | −0.112 | 0.004 | −30.250 | <0.001*** | −0.120 | −0.105 | |
| Sex (reference: male) | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Education | 0.438 | 0.035 | 12.440 | <0.001*** | 0.369 | 0.507 | |
| Marital state (reference: not married) | 0.312 | 0.081 | 3.840 | <0.001*** | 0.152 | 0.471 | |
| Social contact | 0.116 | 0.015 | 7.990 | <0.001*** | 0.087 | 0.144 | |
| Personal allowance | 0.002 | 0.002 | 1.000 | 0.316 | −0.002 | 0.005 | |
| Depression | −0.176 | 0.013 | −13.110 | <0.001*** | −0.203 | −0.150 | |
| Smoking | 0.030 | 0.053 | 0.560 | 0.578 | −0.075 | 0.134 | |
| Alcohol assumption | 0.034 | 0.039 | 0.880 | 0.381 | −0.043 | 0.111 | |
| Exercise sufficiency (reference: no exercise) | Not enough | 0.289 | 0.057 | 5.040 | <0.001*** | 0.177 | 0.402 |
| Enough | 0.366 | 0.056 | 6.550 | <0.001*** | 0.256 | 0.475 | |
| ADL | −0.549 | 0.061 | −8.940 | <0.001*** | −0.672 | −0.425 | |
| IADL | −0.793 | 0.026 | −30.120 | <0.001*** | −0.845 | −0.742 | |
| Wave (reference: 3rd wave) | 4 | −0.376 | 0.055 | −6.790 | <0.001*** | −0.485 | −0.268 |
| 5 | −0.509 | 0.058 | −8.800 | <0.001*** | −0.623 | −0.396 | |
| 6 | −0.540 | 0.061 | −8.870 | <0.001*** | −0.660 | −0.421 | |
| 7 | −0.892 | 0.065 | −13.680 | <0.001*** | −1.020 | −0.764 | |
| Constant | 33.158 | 0.367 | 90.430 | <0.001*** | 32.439 | 33.876 | |
Sex is omitted due to collinearity.
***p <0.001, **p <0.01, and *p <0.05.