Table 4.

Effects of exercise on cognition using fixed effects linear regression by cognitive group.

MMSE	Normal						MCI						Dementia
	Coefficient	Std. err.	t	P > |t|	[95% conf. interval]		Coefficient	Std. err.	t	P > |t|	[95% conf. interval]		Coefficient	Std. err.	t	P > |t|	[95% conf. interval]
Sex	−0.039	0.019	−2.05	0.04*	−0.075	−0.002	−0.241	0.055	−4.35	<0.001***	−0.350	−0.133	−0.208	0.147	−1.42	0.155	−0.496	0.079
Education	0.378	0.028	13.27	<0.001***	0.322	0.434	0.141	0.089	1.58	0.114	−0.034	0.315	0.169	0.252	0.67	0.504	−0.326	0.663
Age	−0.032	0.003	−10.29	<0.001***	−0.038	−0.026	−0.175	0.009	−18.98	<0.001***	−0.194	−0.157	−0.188	0.023	−8.1	<0.001***	−0.233	−0.143
Marital state	−0.053	0.070	−0.76	0.447	−0.191	0.084	0.273	0.179	1.52	0.128	−0.078	0.624	1.260	0.456	2.76	0.006**	0.367	2.154
Social contact	0.015	0.013	1.2	0.229	−0.010	0.040	0.214	0.034	6.23	<0.001***	0.147	0.281	0.435	0.090	4.83	<0.001***	0.259	0.612
Smoking	0.094	0.044	2.14	0.032	0.008	0.180	−0.018	0.132	−0.14	0.890	−0.277	0.240	0.126	0.363	0.35	0.729	−0.586	0.838
Alcohol assumption	−0.002	0.032	−0.07	0.945	−0.064	0.060	−0.038	0.097	−0.39	0.698	−0.228	0.152	0.029	0.281	0.1	0.918	−0.521	0.579
Depression	−0.119	0.012	−9.58	<0.001***	−0.143	−0.095	−0.179	0.032	−5.6	<0.001***	−0.242	−0.116	−0.260	0.077	−3.36	0.001**	−0.412	−0.108
ADL	−0.562	0.076	−7.36	<0.001***	−0.712	−0.412	−0.326	0.170	−1.92	0.057	−0.663	0.010	−0.084	0.173	−0.48	0.629	−0.424	0.256
IADL	−0.172	0.031	−5.5	<0.001***	−0.234	−0.111	−0.355	0.065	−5.46	<0.001***	−0.482	−0.228	−1.227	0.085	−14.47	<0.001***	−1.393	−1.061
Personal allowance (USD)	0.000	0.001	<0.001	0.996	−0.002	0.002	−0.006	0.005	−1.17	0.240	−0.015	0.004	−0.024	0.020	−1.2	0.231	−0.063	0.015
Exercise sufficiency (reference: no exercise)	0.083	0.047	1.78	0.075	−0.008	0.175	0.183	0.173	1.06	0.290	−0.156	0.522	2.914	0.608	4.79	<0.001***	1.723	4.105
	0.048	0.047	1.02	0.307	−0.044	0.141	0.376	0.158	2.39	0.017*	0.067	0.686	2.803	0.450	6.23	<0.001***	1.921	3.685
Constant	29.325	0.300	97.89	<0.001***	28.737	29.912	36.510	0.913	39.99	<0.001***	34.721	38.299	33.958	2.369	14.33	<0.001***	29.315	38.602
F (p-value)	403.09 (<0.001***)						467.07 (<0.001***)						72.17 (<0.001***)

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.