Table 4.

Effects of UV filters on echinoderms

UV Filter	Effects on Echinoderms	Echinoderm Species Studied	Test Concentration Ranges	Toxicity Threshold	Duration of Study	Reference
ZnO	Skeletal abnormalities	Strongylocentrotus purpuratus	C = 0.01 mg/L (ppm)	na	96 hpf	Cunningham et al. 2020
TiO2 (nano)	Anomalous development of embryos	Paracentrotus lividus	C = 0.001 mg/L, C = 0.01 mg/L, C = 0.1 mg/L, C = 1 mg/L	LOEC = 0.01 mg/L	24 h, 48 h and 72 h	Gambardella et al. 2013
	Changes in cholinesterase concentrations	Paracentrotus lividus	C = 0.001 mg/L, C = 0.01 mg/L, C = 0.1 mg/L, C = 1 mg/L	LOEC = 0.001 mg/L		Gambardella et al. 2013