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. 2022 Nov 11;12:19301. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22901-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Age-standardised DALY rates of diseases and injuries attributable to alcohol consumption for 21 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, by SDI; Each point in a line represents the observed age-standardised DALY rate for each year starting at 1990 and ending at 2019. In all countries, SDI has increased over time, so progress in SDI is associated with points further to the right and later years for a given country. Expected values based on the Socio-demographic Index and disease rates in all locations are shown as the black line. DALY disability-adjusted-life-years. SDI Socio-demographic Index (Generated from data available from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool).