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. 2022 Nov 11;12:19344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22863-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Location of the volcano (at Hoya de Tajogaite) on La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). General map of the crater and lava flows, showing the three main habitats and the study stations. The red circle (2.5 km in radius) around the eruptive center represents the zone of most severe biodiversity affectation, where the tephra deposition and toxic gas concentrations were the highest. The yellow line represents the tephra thickness transect measured from the crater to the coast. The map has been created with QGis 3.22.2 from Copernicus (https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR546) and IDE Canarias (Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de Canarias) (https://www.idecanarias.es/listado_servicios).