TABLE 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristic | T2DM‐obesity (n = 29) | Obesity (n = 53) | Controls (n = 17) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52 ± 8 | 45 ± 9 | 42 ± 15 |
| Sex (male/female) | 8/21 | 19/34 | 3/14 |
| Body weight (kg) | 109 ± 17 | 128 ± 23 | 70 ± 11 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 38 ± 4.9 | 43 ± 5.6 | 24 ± 2.6 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 119 ± 10 | 124 ± 13 | 81 ± 16 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 120 ± 13 | 131 ± 12 | 96 ± 16 |
| Waist−hip ratio | 0.99 ± 0.09 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.06 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 50 ± 10 | 36 ± 3.4 | 35 ± 2.7 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.7 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 0.45 | 4.7 ± 0.40 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 122 ± 43 | 100 ± 51 | 50 ± 22 |
| HOMA‐IR | 5.9 ± 3.0 | 3.4 ± 1.9 | 1.6 ± 0.81 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.9 |
| hs‐CRP (mg/L) | 4.5 ± 4.2 | 6.3 ± 6.6 | 2.4 ± 3.9 |
| ALT (U/L) | 39 ± 23 | 37 ± 21 | 23 ± 15 |
| NAFLD | 29 (100) | 33 (62) | 1 (6) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 15 (52) | 17 (32) | 0 (0) |
| Heart disease a | 2 (7) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
| Depression/anxiety | 9 (31) | 14 (26) | 0 (0) |
| Asthma/COPD | 8 (28) | 9 (17) | 0 (0) |
| Autoimmune diseases b | 1 (3) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) |
Note: Data are described as mean ± standard deviation or absolute numbers (%).
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; HOMA‐IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
a
Includes coronary artery bypass surgery, myocardial infarction, and percutaneous coronary intervention.
b
Includes rheumatoid arthritis, Bechterew’s disease (ankylosing spondylitis), inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, and polymyalgia rheumatica.