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. 2022 Nov 12;14:168. doi: 10.1186/s13098-022-00941-7

Table 2.

Predictors of outcomes in diabetic patients hospitalized for COVID-19

Mortality Length of hospitalization Respiratory failure Need of oxygen therapy
Variable Interval (by quintiles) HR (95%CI) P SHR (95%CI) P OR (95%CI) P OR (95%CI) P
Glucose (mg/dL) 56–102 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
103–133 1.70 (0.62 – 4.70) 0.3 0.73 (0.48 – 1.13) 0.2 0.98 (0.43 – 2.27) 1 1.00 (0.44 – 2.23) 0.9
134–164 1.64 (0.60 – 4.49) 0.3 0.72 (0.46 – 1.11) 0.1 1.81 (0.77 – 4.27) 0.2 1.92 (0.89 – 4.15) 0.1
165–220 3.86 (1.50 – 9.92) 0.005 0.70 (0.43 – 1.12) 0.1 1.44 (0.62 – 3.36) 0.4 1.26 (0.59 – 2.69) 0.5
221–452 4.71 (1.87 – 11.9) 0.001 0.53 (0.33 – 0.84) 0.008 1.63 (0.70 – 3.82) 0.3 1.26 (0.59 – 2.71) 0.5
WBC (103/μL) 1.97–5.22 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
5.23–6.54 1.34 (0.45 – 4.01) 0.6 1.16 (0.79 – 1.70) 0.2 0.70 (0.32 – 1.52) 0.4 0.80 (0.38 – 1.68) 0.6
6.55–8.10 1.68 (0.58 – 4.89) 0.3 0.85 (0.57 – 1.28) 0.8 0.83 (0.38 – 1.83) 0.6 0.93 (0.45 – 1.91) 0.8
8.11–11.10 2.50 (0.96 – 6.49) 0.059 0.65 (0.44 – 0.96) 0.031 1.50 (0.66 – 3.41) 0.3 1.58 (0.77 – 3.25) 0.2
11.11–45.18 7.11 (2.96 – 17.1)  < 0.001 0.29 (0.17 – 0.49)  < 0.001 2.08 (0.87 – 4.99) 0.1 1.76 (0.85 – 3.64) 0.1
Absolute neutrophil count (103/μL) 0.45–3.12 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
3.13–4.35 6.64 (0.80 – 55.4) 0.08 0.89 (0.63 – 1.26) 0.5 0.68 (0.31 – 1.50) 0.3 0.80 (0.37 – 1.70) 0.6
4.36–5.92 6.97 (0.81 – 60.1) 0.08 0.96 (0.67 – 1.36) 0.8 0.85 (0.39 – 1.86) 0.7 1.36 (0.63 – 2.55) 0.4
5.93–9.08 25.0 (3.31 – 188.2) 0.002 0.48 (0.32 – 0.72)  < 0.001 1.33 (0.59 – 3.02) 0.5 1.59 (0.85 – 3.41) 0.2
9.09–42.74 50.1 (6.80 – 369.5)  < 0.001 0.21 (0.12 – 0.38)  < 0.001 2.34 (0.95 – 5.75) 0.065 2.12 (0.98 – 4.01) 0.048
Absolute lymphocyte count (103/μL) 0.09–0.66 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
0.67–0.98 0.53 (0.30 – 0.94) 0.03 2.38 (1.30 – 4.35) 0.005 0.65 (0.27 – 1.60) 0.4 0.64 (0.31 – 1.32) 0.2
0.99–1.43 0.22 (0.09 – 0.50)  < 0.001 4.11 (2.31 – 7.31)  < 0.001 0.32 (0.13 – 0.76) 0.010 0.46 (0.22 – 0.97) 0.040
1.44–1.79 0.09 (0.03 – 0.29)  < 0.001 4.15 (2.39 – 7.21)  < 0.001 0.48 (0.20 – 1.18) 0.1 0.49 (0.23 – 1.03) 0.061
1.80–6.45 0.08 (0.02 – 0.27)  < 0.001 3.61 (2.09 – 6.25)  < 0.001 0.39 (0.16 – 0.95) 0.039 0.35 (0.16 – 0.76) 0.008
Absolute monocyte count (103/μL) 0.10–0.38 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
0.39–0.50 0.54 (0.27 – 1.11) 0.09 2.22 (1.37 – 3.60) 0.001 0.34 (0.15 – 0.81) 0.014 0.36 (0.17 – 0.75) 0.006
0.51–0.64 0.47 (0.23 – 0.98) 0.044 1.92 (1.22 – 3.03) 0.005 0.49 (0.20 – 1.15) 0.1 0.58 (0.29 – 1.16) 0.1
0.65–0.82 0.25 (0.09 – 0.65) 0.005 2.65 (1.70 – 4.14)  < 0.001 0.28 (0.12 – 0.65) 0.003 0.41 (0.20 – 0.85) 0.017
0.83–1.89 0.63 (0.32 – 1.24) 0.2 1.63 (1.03 – 2.57) 0.035 0.61 (0.25 – 1.48) 0.3 0.43 (0.21 – 0.90) 0.024
Absolute eosinophil count (103/μL) 0.00–0.00 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
0.01–0.04 0.51 (0.27 – 0.95) 0.034 2.10 (1.18 – 3.74) 0.011 0.67 (0.27 – 1.68) 0.4 0.75 (0.36 – 1.54) 0.4
0.05–0.12 0.10 (0.04 – 0.25)  < 0.001 2.84 (1.58 – 5.14) 0.001 0.37 (0.16 – 0.86) 0.021 0.65 (0.32 – 1.29) 0.2
0.12–0.20 0.11 (0.04 – 0.28)  < 0.001 3.75 (2.23 – 6.30)  < 0.001 0.45 (0.19 – 1.08) 0.072 0.80 (0.40 – 1.61) 0.5
0.21–1.71 0.06 (0.02 – 0.18)  < 0.001 3.06 (1.85 – 5.05)  < 0.001 0.25 (0.10 – 0.59) 0.002 0.36 (0.17 – 0.80) 0.008
Absolute basophil count (103/μL) 0.00–0.01 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
0.02–0.02 0.99 (0.51 – 1.92) 1 1.02 (0.64 – 1.64) 0.9 0.38 (0.18 – 0.82) 0.014 0.59 (0.30 – 1.19) 0.1
0.03–0.03 0.21 (0.07 – 0.59) 0.003 1.48 (1.02 – 2.14) 0.037 0.43 (0.20 – 0.92) 0.030 0.54 (0.27 – 1.06) 0.07
0.04–0.05 0.56 (0.27 – 1.20) 0.1 1.03 (0.69 – 1.55) 0.9 0.54 (0.25 – 1.17) 0.1 0.84 (0.43 – 1.64) 0.6
0.06–0.18 0.44 (0.20 – 0.96) 0.038 0.84 (0.55 – 1.28) 0.4 0.51 (0.22 – 1.19) 0.1 0.66 (0.31 – 1.42) 0.3
NLR † 0.40–1.83 NE NE Reference – Reference – Reference –
1.84–3.23 0.02 (0.003 – 0.15)  < 0.001 1.15 (0.85 – 1.54) 0.4 0.56 (0.25 – 1.24) 0.2 0.66 (0.31 – 1.39) 0.3
3.24–5.46 0.11 (0.04 – 0.31)  < 0.001 1.05 (0.75 – 1.47) 0.8 0.60 (0.27 – 1.35) 0.2 0.75 (0.36 – 1.57) 0.4
5.47–11.10 0.64 (0.35 – 1.17) 0.1 0.52 (0.33 – 0.81) 0.005 0.99 (0.43 – 2.27) 0.9 1.31 (0.62 – 2.77) 0.5
11.11–97.14 Reference† – 0.14 (0.07 – 0.25)  < 0.001 4.13 (1.45 – 11.8) 0.008 2.49 (1.18 – 5.23) 0.016
PLT (103/μL) 20–149 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
150–198 1.56 (0.85 – 2.87) 0.1 0.93 (0.57 – 1.54) 0.8 0.82 (0.35 – 1.90) 0.6 0.62 (0.30 – 1.30) 0.2
199–270 0.63 (0.30 – 1.31) 0.2 1.82 (1.16 – 2.86) 0.009 1.05 (0.44 – 2.50) 0.9 0.48 (0.23 – 1.01) 0.052
271–350 0.44 (0.19 – 1.04) 0.062 2.05 (1.31 – 3.20) 0.002 0.56 (0.24 – 1.28) 0.2 0.51 (0.25 – 1.06) 0.073
351–747 0.39 (0.16 – 0.97) 0.043 2.50 (1.59 – 3.95)  < 0.001 0.53 (0.23 – 1.22) 0.1 0.42 (0.20 – 0.87) 0.020
D–Dimer (ng/mL) 200–250 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
251–415 2.27 (0.25 – 20.7) 0.5 0.56 (0.32 – 0.97) 0.040 2.01 (0.67 – 6.01) 0.2 1.20 (0.41 – 3.61) 0.7
416–665 2.27 (0.26 – 19.7) 0.5 0.52 (0.29 – 0.92) 0.025 10.4 (2.55 – 42.5) 0.001 3.77 (1.25 – 11.4) 0.018
666–2467 4.06 (0.50 – 33.1) 0.2 0.41 (0.23 – 0.75) 0.004 4.46 (1.36 – 14.6) 0.013 5.02 (1.66 – 15.2) 0.004
2468–16781 6.94 (0.89 – 54.2) 0.065 0.26 (0.12 – 0.56) 0.001 3.50 (1.01 – 12.2) 0.048 2.01 (0.62 – 6.54) 0.2
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) 105–303 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
304–405 2.20 (0.77 – 6.29) 0.1 1.21 (0.79 – 1.88) 0.4 1.20 (0.47 – 3.07) 0.7 0.95 (0.41 – 2.20) 0.9
406–487 1.33 (0.48 – 3.72) 0.6 1.06 (0.70 – 1.61) 0.8 0.72 (0.30 – 1.75) 0.5 0.47 (0.20 – 1.08) 0.075
488–596 1.10 (0.35 – 3.43) 0.9 1.39 (0.92 – 2.09) 0.1 1.03 (0.42 – 2.55) 0.9 0.62 (0.27 – 1.40) 0.2
597–1113 3.12 (1.22 – 7.92) 0.017 0.66 (0.38 – 1.12) 0.1 3.66 (1.23 – 10.9) 0.020 1.41 (0.63 – 3.17) 0.4
CRP (mg/L) 0.3–3.4 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
3.4–9.3 0.86 (0.05 – 13.8) 0.9 1.11 (0.82 – 1.49) 0.5 0.65 (0.30 – 1.43) 0.3 0.51 (0.24 – 1.09) 0.08
9.3–25.7 6.81 (0.85 – 54.8) 0.072 0.74 (0.52 – 1.04) 0.08 1.55 (0.68 – 3.54) 0.3 0.93 (0.45 – 1.89) 0.8
25.7–78.6 18.4 (2.42 – 140.3) 0.005 0.69 (0.44 – 1.07) 0.1 1.16 (0.51 – 2.61) 0.7 0.87 (0.42 – 1.83) 0.7
78.6–435.4 53.4 (7.19 – 397.1)  < 0.001 0.12 (0.06 – 0.23)  < 0.001 2.56 (1.02 – 6.40) 0.045 2.10 (0.99 – 4.47) 0.053
PCT (ng/mL) 0.10–0.10 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
0.11–0.12 NE NE 2.61 (1.52 – 4.48) 0.001 1.18 (0.20 – 6.95) 0.9 3.09 (0.74 – 12.9) 0.1
0.12 – 0.30 1.61 (0.52 – 4.97) 0.4 0.83 (0.48 – 1.43) 0.5 0.77 (0.28 – 2.11) 0.6 1.28 (0.55 – 2.99) 0.6
0.31 – 0.62 3.43 (1.28 – 9.20) 0.014 0.45 (0.24 – 0.83) 0.011 2.91 (0.83 – 10.2) 0.1 2.62 (1.11 – 6.18) 0.028
0.63 – 21.20 3.42 (1.27 – 9.18) 0.015 0.39 (0.21 – 0.72) 0.002 1.52 (0.50 – 4.57) 0.5 3.15 (1.33 – 7.47) 0.009
Ferritin (μg/L) 18 – 241 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
242 – 449 3.11 (0.85 – 11.3) 0.085 0.76 (0.50 – 1.16) 0.2 1.33 (0.55 – 3.25) 0.6 1.40 (0.62 – 3.20) 0.4
450 – 680 4.19 (1.15 – 15.2) 0.029 0.80 (0.53 – 1.22) 0.3 1.75 (0.73 – 4.20) 0.2 1.73 (0.78 – 3.84) 0.2
681 – 1285 4.59 (1.29 – 16.3) 0.018 0.64 (0.42 – 0.98) 0.041 2.44 (0.97 – 6.13) 0.058 2.65 (1.20 – 5.87) 0.016
1286 – 10477 5.22 (1.45 – 18.8) 0.011 0.69 (0.42 – 1.13) 0.1 1.90 (0.75 – 4.82) 0.2 1.66 (0.73 – 3.78) 0.2
LDH (U/L) 136 – 213 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
214 – 250 0.40 (0.08 – 2.08) 0.3 0.97 (0.63 – 1.47) 0.9 1.06 (0.47 – 2.41) 0.9 0.80 (0.37 – 1.72) 0.6
251 – 299 1.32 (0.43 – 4.08) 0.6 0.79 (0.51 – 1.22) 0.3 1.33 (0.59 – 2.98) 0.5 0.98 (0.46 – 2.09) 1
300 – 391 1.97 (0.69 – 5.63) 0.2 0.59 (0.37 – 0.94) 0.026 1.43 (0.63 – 3.26) 0.4 1.25 (0.58 – 2.71) 0.6
392 – 1092 5.20 (2.00 – 13.5) 0.001 0.19 (0.10 – 0.35)  < 0.001 8.96 (2.75 – 29.2)  < 0.001 2.68 (1.25 – 5.74) 0.011
Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.39 – 0.76 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
0.77 – 0.94 0.78 (0.26 – 2.33) 0.7 1.23 (0.83 – 1.81) 0.3 1.30 (0.56 – 3.02) 0.5 0.94 (0.45 – 1.96) 0.9
0.95–1.23 1.18 (0.44 – 3.21) 0.7 1.24 (0.82 – 1.89) 0.3 0.73 (0.32 – 1.67) 0.5 0.87 (0.40 – 1.87) 0.7
1.24–1.92 1.78 (0.72 – 4.38) 0.2 0.79 (0.51 – 1.22) 0.3 1.10 (0.48 – 2.51) 0.8 0.72 (0.36 – 1.53) 0.4
1.92–11.96 3.23 (1.38 – 7.60) 0.007 0.42 (0.25 – 0.72) 0.002 1.27 (0.53 – 3.04) 0.6 1.13 (0.52 – 2.45) 0.8
eGFR CDK–EPI (ml/min × 1.73 m2) 3.3–32.9 Reference – Reference – Reference – Reference –
33.0–57.9 0.37 (0.19–0.73) 0.004 2.16 (1.30 – 3.57) 0.003 0.75 (0.34 – 1.65) 0.5 0.59 (0.29 – 1.21) 0.1
58.0–80.9 0.63 (0.34–1.16) 0.1 1.76 (1.02 – 3.03) 0.041 0.75 (0.33 – 1.68) 0.5 0.96 (0.47 – 1.97) 0.9
81.0–96.1 0.21 (0.09–0.52) 0.001 3.07 (1.86 – 5.06)  < 0.001 0.86 (0.38 – 1.94) 0.7 0.64 (0.31 – 1.30) 0.2
96.2–126.6 0.22 (0.07–0.65) 0.006 2.34 (1.39–3.94) 0.001 0.95 (0.38 – 2.40) 0.9 1.28 (0.56 – 2.88) 0.6

Bold values indicate statistically significant results, where p < 0.05

HR hazard ratio, SHR subhazard ratio, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, P p-value of the Wald test on the model coefficient, WBC White Blood Cell Count, NLR Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, PLT Platelet Count, CRP C-Reactive Protein, PCT Procalcitonin, LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase, eGFR Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, CDK-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration

NE the effect was not estimable,

HR, SHR e OR have been adjusted by sex, age and BMI;

Need of oxygen therapy: level 1 only oxygen supplementation, level 2 mechanical ventilation, level 3 invasive mechanical ventilation;

Presence of Respiratory failure: yes, no

All the variables were measured at admission

† The reference class for the association between NLR and mortality was set to the last quintile (in the first quintile no events occurred);