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. 2022 Oct 28;24(10):e40946. doi: 10.2196/40946

Table 1.

Main characteristics of the included studies, including the display of sample statistics, setting, study design, and descriptive information about the included studies.

Author Country Setting Study design Sample size, n Age (years), mean (SD) or median (IQR) Sex, n (%) Experience with DHTa (years) Occupation
Ahmed et al [33], 2011 United States Lb QSc 20 NRd NR >1 year Pe
Ariza et al [34], 2015 United Kingdom Wbf CSg 67 NR NR 6.7 years P
Carayon et al [35], 2020 United States L Eh 32 NR Female 8 (25); male 24 (75) NR P
Currie et al [36], 2017 United Kingdom L QS Si 37; Nj 11 S 27.31;N 31.91
SD or range NR		 NR S 0 years; N 8.73 years N; S
Dunn Lopez et al [57], 2021 United States Fk QS N 22; P 13 N 32.5 (20-66); P 45.3 (25-63) N: female 19.8 (90), male 2.2 (10); P: female 5.98 (46), male 7.02 (54) N 2.5 years; P 6.2 years N; P
Grünloh et al [54], 2016 Sweden F CS 12 NR Female 5 (42); male 7 (58) 14 (2-30) years P
Holden et al [37], 2015 United States F CS 170 NR Female ≥161 (>95)
Males: <9 (<5%)		 NR N; P
Khairat et al [38], 2018 United States L Ol 14 Resident: 18-34 years (6, 100%) Attending:
35-50 years (7, 87.5%)
51-69 years (1, 12.5%)		 Female 7 (50); male 7 (48) Residents 3 years; Attending >3 years P
Khairat et al [39], 2019 United States L CS 25 33.2 (6.1) years Female 13 (52); male 12 (48) NR P
Koch et al [40], 2012 United States L QS 12 31.5 (23-57) Female 8 (66); male 4 (34) Self-rated experts 9 years; self-rated novices 1 year N
Lyell et al [41], 2018 Australia L QS 120 24.5 (2.99) Female 55.2 (46.7); male 63.6 (53.3) NR S
Mazur et al [42], 2015 United States L E 29 NR NR WebCIS 0.5-3 years; Epic 0.5 years P; S
Mazur et al [43], 2019 United States L E 38 NR Female 25 (66); male 13 (34) Residents 36 years; fellows 2 years P
Melnick et al [44], 2020 United States Wb CS 848 53 (28-84) Female 509 (58.1); male 353 (40.6) NR P
Moreland et al [45], 2012 United States F Lom 719 38.5 (11.2) Female 650 (90.9); male 69 (9.1) Participants self-rated “comfort with system” and sorted by group (n) Novice 41; knowledge of basics 288; experts 390 N
Mosaly et al [47], 2018 United States L QS 17 NR NR NR P
Mosaly et al [46], 2019 United States L QS 38 NR Female n (63); male n (27) NR P; S
Pollack et al [48], 2020 United States L CS 29 43 (35-58) Female n (48); male n (52) 11 (3-30) years P
Richardson et al [49], 2019 United States L QS 32 39.29 (12.4) Female n (50); male n (50) Participants (n); Residents (minimum of 3 years experiece) 16; attending physicians (Training level) 16 P
Saleem et al [55], 2007 United States L QS 16 NR NR None N
Sampson et al [50], 2019 United States L QS 35 34.2 (25-59) NR NR N; P
Shachak et al [56], 2009 Israel L CS 25 NR Female n (56), male n (44) 6.8 years P
Shah et al [51], 2016 United Kingdom Wb CS 188 NR Female n (63.3); male n (36.7) 3-6 months: 54 (n)
6 months – 1 year: 51 (n)
>1 year: 83 (n)		 P
Wanderer et al [52], 2011 United States L E 20 NR NR Residents 10 years; attending physicians 10 years P
Yen et al [53], 2020 United States F O 7 30 (6) Female 6 (86); male 1 (14) NR N

aDHT: digital health technology.

bL: labor.

cQS: quasi-experimental.

dNR: not reported.

eP: physician.

fWb: web-based.

gCS: cross-sectional.

hE: experimental.

iS: student.

jN: nurse.

kF: field.

lO: observational.

mLo: longitudinal.