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. 2022 Nov 12;13:516. doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-03196-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Effects of EMS and various treatments on cerebral microcirculation. A Regional blood flow and B partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO₂) of the control, BICAL, EMS and various treatment groups on the EMS (white bars) and non-EMS sides (gray bars) were measured simultaneously 3 weeks after BICAL. Comparison of the treatment efficacy between the EMS and non-EMS sides in each group was performed by the t-test. *p < 0.05. C On the EMS side, the reduction in regional blood flow induced by BICAL was rescued by EMS, EMS combined with SDF-1 or EPC treatment, but not by AMD3100 treatment. D EMS combined with EPC treatment significantly increased the BICAL-induced decrease in PbtO₂. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n = 5–6