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. 2022 Nov 12;13:517. doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-03201-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — A. MSC surface marker expression analysis by flow cytometry. B. (a) Fifth-generation hUC-MSCs under a light microscope; (b and c) osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of hUC-MSCs; (d) cartilage formation differentiation of hUC-MSCs. C. The vesicle diameter, number, purity, and morphology were tested by electrophoresis (red box, left panel) and Brownian motion video analysis laser scattering microscopy (right panel). D. Western blot detection of the expression of TS101, CD63, CD9, and GAPDH in hUC-MSC-derived exosomes. The negative control was the product extracted from the control medium (CM) according to exosome extraction steps. Full-length blots are presented in Additional file 1: Fig. S1. E. Transmission electron micrographs of hUC-MSC exosomes. Scale bar = 200 nm